Construct Developed in Psychometrics to Determine...

The g factor, or general factor, is a construct developed in psychometrics to determine cognitive abilities. It is a variable that summarizes positive correlations among various cognitive tasks, which demonstrate an individuals performance at one type of cognitive task tends to be comparable to his or her performance at other kinds of cognitive tasks. The g factor typically accounts for 40 to 50 percent of the variance in IQ test performance, and IQ scores are frequently regarded as estimates of an individuals g factor rating (Kamphaus et al. 2005). The terms IQ, general intelligence, general cognitive ability, general mental ability, or simply intelligence, are often used interchangeably to refer to the common core shared by†¦show more content†¦These include the Wason selection task, computerized games governed by difficult rules, pragmatic reasoning schemes, analogical reasoning tasks, class-inclusion, scientific reasoning tasks, and categorization tasks. These factors ex plain why non-verbal tests are often referred to as culture-free, and almost necessary for easing assimilation. Acquiring relevant background knowledge - which will be closely associated with social class - is important in psychometric tests, in addition to non-cognitive sources. Jensen seems to be unaware or at least avoid potential stressful effects relating to negative social evaluation and systematic prejudice, which many children experience every day. Superficial factors like dialect, facial appearance, and self-presentation all play major roles. These have significant effects on the way we see and evaluate ourselves. Bandura et al (1996) have shown how limited confidence in cognitive-based tests acquired by parents are inherited by their children, resulting in fear and apathy in many intellectual tasks. Here, g is not a general ability variable, rather its a measure of intellectual self-esteem. Limited exposure to middle-class cultural tools and low cognitive self-esteem will, undoubtedly, lessen ones self-confidence, and cause anxiety in testing situations. There is a well-known association between IQ test performance and test-anxiety. In his meta-analysis of 562 studies, Hembree (1988) found that subjects who feelShow MoreRelatedHow Two Impulsivity Measures Are Used For Human Behavior Exist1982 Words   |  8 Pagesprimary characteristic of impulsivity by its author. This review also explores whether these impulsivity measures are correctly used for the intended purpose. The conclusion suggests further collection of psychometric data for the discussed behavioural measure to further clarify which constructs of impulsivity it intends to measure. Impulsivity is a primary human instinctual behaviour, and yet there is little similarity and agreement in the definition and measurement of the psychologicalRead MoreTherapeutic Psychology2809 Words   |  12 Pagesculture Gradidge and De Jager (2011) evaluated the psychometric properties of the Wellness Questionnaire for Higher Education. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients ranged between 0.80 and 0.96 for the seven subscales of the questionnaire and the test-retest coefficients ranged between -0.04 and 0.71 for the seven subscales. Critically evaluate these findings by answering questions 3 and 4. A uniquely indigenous South African measure, the WQHE was developed for the assessment of wellness among higher educationRead MoreThe Construct Of Empathy, By Great Thinkers From Various Disciplines1669 Words   |  7 Pages The construct of empathy attracts the interest of academics from various fields of study, particularly in subfields of psychology. Its function and associated processes in moral development have been discussed for centuries by great thinkers from various disciplines. Hoffman (1982) defines empathy as â€Å"an affective response more appropriate to another’s situation than one’s own†. Nonetheless, the notion of empathy has always been a complex concept, and the lack of uniformity in the usage and understandingRead MoreEssay on The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale1012 Words   |  5 Pagesfurther in the 21st century by major corporations who use the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale as a major tool during the hiring process and to determine a person’s IQ. Historical Significance The field of psychology owes the† notion of intelligence to the French psychologist Alfred Binet, who developed the Binet - Simon scale together with his student Theodore Simon in 1904† (Rosati, 2004). Albert Binet and Theodore Simon believed â€Å"that in intelligenceRead MoreProcrastination Is A Behavior Or An Act Of Delaying Starting Essay1509 Words   |  7 Pagesaffect, cognitions, and behavior (Fee Tangney, 2000). On basis of these components Chu and Choi have divided the procrastinators into active and passive procrastinators. An active procrastinator deliberately decides to delay the work, possesses the ability to deliver it on the deadline but prefers a time pressure, and remains content with the result (Choi Moran, 2009). A passive procrastinator does not want to delay the task but eventually postpones it because of weak decision making and failure toRead MoreRelationship Between Culture and the Clinical Practice of Psychological Assessment8526 Words   |  35 Pagespeople. According to Armour-Thomas and Gopaul-McNicol (1998), tests are not culturally biased because of at least three categories or assumptions: tests are culturally fair and items do not favor a particular cultural group; the tasks assess the cognitive abilities underlying intellectual behavior for all groups; and the tests accurately predict performance for all groups. But there are counter propositions that these ideas differ from. 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Purgatory During the Protestant Reformation Essay - 654 Words

Purgatory During the Protestant Reformation All Souls Day, November 2nd, does anyone really understand why it is a holy day or is it just another meaningless holiday Catholics are asked to attend church? All Souls Day is a day that the Catholic Church has set aside to help pray for all the souls not yet joined with god. During this day, people are asked to pray for all of the departed who have passed on and are now in purgatory working very hard to have the privilege of joining to god. Purgatory has been an important aspect of organized religion from the early days of the church until now, but never more controversial then during the time of the protestant reformation. The following pages examine the belief of†¦show more content†¦They were widely circulated in Germany and caused a great controversy. Luther was ordered to recant by Cardinal Cajetan but he refused. Some people thought that Luther had a valid point, and those people were the ones who followed him. This is where we get the split of ideas and of the churches themselves. This split in the churches has a lot to do with the idea of purgatory and the selling of indulgences. Indulgences were sold to people to reduce their time in purgatory. These indulgences were sold at a very high price and most people either could not afford them or were forced to sell all they owned to purchase them. A soul is released from purgatory and carried to heaven as soon as the money tinkles in the box. (13 9 13) The existence of purgatory and indulgences were not what started the split it was the selling of the indulgences and the extremely high prices for them that caused the split in the church and in the belief of purgatory itself. The doctrine of purgatory is not very involved in the Catholic Church. There are only three paragraphs in the catechism. 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Political Theory Comparing Locke, Rousseau and Plato Free Essays

string(51) " prescribed for oneself is freedom, moral liberty\." Locke: What is the purpose of politics – we could live in the state of nature, we don’t need contract or soverign – life, liberty and property State of nature: men live according to reason and governed by reason – man exists in the state of nature in perfect freedom to do as they want, a state of perfect freedom – not necessarily good or bad, bit is calm and peaceful – men give up some of their freedom to secure the advantages of civilized socity men have the right to protect their freedom (killing if necessary) – bound by the laws of nature – contrast with hobbes: everyone has the right over everything, there exist no private property – Liberty to do as he will, but not harm others Purpose of government: – to secure the natural rights of property rights and liberty – we need law enforcers (soverign), we give power to one person and in doing so this creates a government Private Property: – one establi shed once you mix your labor with good most important because we must create a state because of the scarcity of resource (prisoners dilemma) and the innovation of money – mandatory to own property while living in commonwealth, can mix labour with other peoples resource (compensated) Representation: – ensures the government represents the people – safeguard against oppression – disapproval of absolute monarchies; they are arbitary and represent interest of one – governement must always be for the people 1. government must be desgined to protect the people from the gov . natural rights must be secured Rousseau: – mans main drive is self preservation, but thinks that hobbes and locke overestimated the likelihood of the state of war – men are inherintely good State of Nature: – gives life to general will, so all can live well – men are free and equal, seen as nobel savages, only concerned with immediate needs (hunger, sex, f ear, death) – savages are motivated by self preservation and pity, men are naturally good and don’t want to hurt each other, doesn’t want the state of war believes civilization is what corrupted him, save man is not concerned with materialistic values Morality: differs from locke – in the state of nature there is no reason for law, right or morality because we tend to avoid harming each other because of our natural aversion to pain and suffereing Social Contract: – must have a group that mediates the people and government – we must force people to be free and force people to follow the sovereign Property rights: must mix labor, cannot have more than others because this is a source of inequality – materialistic thinks are making us morally worse – everything that comes from nature is good, everything from society is bad – a source of inequality; creates dependence and jealousy Purpose of government: – to bring the people in harmony – to unite them under the general will representation: – citizens cannot give away their civil duties, they must participate in politics, because the direct democracy must represent the general will Rousseau-Social Contract †¢ The problems of inequality, amor proper, problem of general discontent †¢ Answer to the problem of natural freedom. We will write a custom essay sample on Political Theory: Comparing Locke, Rousseau and Plato or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢ Nature provides no standards for determining who should rule †¢ Man is not a political animal, the general will is the foundation of all legitimate authority †¢ All standards of justice and right have the origin in the unique human property of the will or free agency †¢ Liberation of the will from the usual sources that is the true center of gravity of Roussau’s philosophy. †¢ Primacy of the will Given rousseau’s libertarian conception of human nature. †¢ The fundamental problem is how to find a form of association that defends and protects with all the common force the person and goods of each associate and by means which each individual uniting with all obeys only himself and remains free. †¢ First part says that the aim of the contract is to protect and defend the common goods of each member. Consistent with Locke’s claims that the purpose of society is protect the security of each members. Rousseau adds a second and more disctinctly original claim. The contract must ensure the conditions for mutual protection, but also in uniting with one another each person obeys only himself and remains as free as he was before. †¢ Isn’t the essence of the social contract giving up part of our natural freedom? †¢ How can we remain as free. †¢ Total alienation of each associate together with all of his rights to the entire community †¢ Total alienation, entire community. †¢ To ensure the terms of the agreements, persons must totally give themselves up for the social contract. †¢ When we alienate ourselves, this must be given to the entire community. This is to ensure that the general will works. †¢ General will is only legitimate sovereign. The famous doctrine of the sovereignty of the people †¢ When we give ourselves over to it, we do nothing more than obey ourselves. Sovereign is not third party, it is simply the people as a whole acting in their collective capacity. †¢ How do we remain as free as we were before? †¢ Formula for freedom or tyranny of the majority? †¢ Only through total alienation do we remain free, because nobody is dependent on the will of another. The new kind of sovereign is the general will, which is the general interest or rational will of the community. Since we all contribute to the shaping of this general will, we do nothing but obey ourselves when we subscribe to this general will. †¢ Not the freedom of the state of nature, but it is a new kind of freedom that he calls â€Å"moral freedom†. †¢ The passage from the state of nature to the civil state produces a remarkable change in man. Gives our actions a moral quality that they previously lacked. What man loses is his natural liberty, but he gains civil liberty. But, to the proceedings acquisitions or civil liberty, we add moral liberty which makes man truly the master of himself. Obedience that one has prescribed for oneself is freedom, moral liberty. You read "Political Theory: Comparing Locke, Rousseau and Plato" in category "Papers" †¢ The moral and political implications are massive. †¢ For Hobbes and Locke: liberty is the sphere of human conduct that is unregulated by the law. Where the law is silent, the citizen is free to do whatever it is he chooses to do. †¢ For Rousseau, law is the very beginning of our freedom, but we are free to the extent that we are participants in the laws that we in turn obey. Freedom means acting in conformity to self-imposed law. †¢ A difference between two very different conceptions of liberty: Liberal vs. Republican †¢ Rousseau makes heroic and unreasonable assumptions about human nature. Why would we like to get together and engage in debate about political matters. †¢ Human nature and our capacity to engage in debate. Unless everyone is engaged in the process of legislation, there is no way to know that the laws are really an expression of my will. You will find yourselves dependent on the will of others. Freedom from dependence. – The problems of inequality, amor proper, problem of general discontent †¢ Answer to the problem of natural freedom. †¢ Nature provides no standards for determining who should rule †¢ Man is not a political animal, the general will is the foundation of all legitimate authority †¢ All standards of justice and right have the origin in the unique human property of the will or free agency †¢ Liberation of the will from the usual sources that is the true center of gravity of Roussau’s philosophy. †¢ Primacy of the will Given rousseau’s libertarian conception of human nature. †¢ The fundamental problem is how to find a form of association that defends and protects with all the common force the person and goods of each associate and by means which each individual uniting with all obeys only himself and remains free. †¢ First part says that the aim of the contract is to protect and defend the common goods of each member. Consistent with Locke’s claims that the purpose of society is protect the security of each members. Rousseau adds a second and more disctinctly original claim. The contract must ensure the conditions for mutual protection, but also in uniting with one another each person obeys only himself and remains as free as he was before. †¢ Isn’t the essence of the social contract giving up part of our natural freedom? †¢ How can we remain as free. †¢ Total alienation of each associate together with all of his rights to the entire community †¢ Total alienation, entire community. †¢ To ensure the terms of the agreements, persons must totally give themselves up for the social contract. †¢ When we alienate ourselves, this must be given to the entire community. This is to ensure that the general will works. †¢ General will is only legitimate sovereign. The famous doctrine of the sovereignty of the people †¢ When we give ourselves over to it, we do nothing more than obey ourselves. Sovereign is not third party, it is simply the people as a whole acting in their collective capacity. †¢ How do we remain as free as we were before? †¢ Formula for freedom or tyranny of the majority? †¢ Only through total alienation do we remain free, because nobody is dependent on the will of another. The new kind of sovereign is the general will, which is the general interest or rational will of the community. Since we all contribute to the shaping of this general will, we do nothing but obey ourselves when we subscribe to this general will. †¢ Not the freedom of the state of nature, but it is a new kind of freedom that he calls â€Å"moral freedom†. †¢ The passage from the state of nature to the civil state produces a remarkable change in man. Gives our actions a moral quality that they previously lacked. What man loses is his natural liberty, but he gains civil liberty. But, to the proceedings acquisitions or civil liberty, we add moral liberty which makes man truly the master of himself. Obedience that one has prescribed for oneself is freedom, moral liberty. †¢ The moral and political implications are massive. †¢ For Hobbes and Locke: liberty is the sphere of human conduct that is unregulated by the law. Where the law is silent, the citizen is free to do whatever it is he chooses to do. †¢ For Rousseau, law is the very beginning of our freedom, but we are free to the extent that we are participants in the laws that we in turn obey. Freedom means acting in conformity to self-imposed law. †¢ A difference between two very different conceptions of liberty: Liberal vs. Republican †¢ Rousseau makes heroic and unreasonable assumptions about human nature. Why would we like to get together and engage in debate about political matters. †¢ Human nature and our capacity to engage in debate. Unless everyone is engaged in the process of legislation, there is no way to know that the laws are really an expression of my will. You will find yourselves dependent on the will of others. Freedom from dependence. Aristotle: reasoned approach – basic goal of politics was to help society achieve the good life, create a society that allows its citizens to prosper – humans are seen as â€Å"political animals† and thus politicas as a force of nature – citizens take place in politics, they are seen as the backbone of the state and have a responsibility to the state, – not all citizens are equal, but all want sovireign – good citizens not posses what it takes to be good man – polity= best form of government; the rich rule over the rest by knowledge and democracy king should not have all the power, he should be the guardian of the law – (has less power than plato and machs ruler) because of the seperation of powers; legislative, executive and juidical – less power and more mobility – CITIZENS; anyone can participate in politics (must participate) – By nature everyone has the capacity of reason and is able to participate in p olitics – Slaves are legit they are the means of production so that everyone else can participate in politics – Ruled by; virtue, moral and reason – Education: can change conslitation for progess because children are taught from young age to reason, (public learning) – Bartering=natural Aristotle- Politics Human beings are political animals. Problematic relation between economics and politics Role of labour and role of commerce The political community is designed to promote human flourishing Happiness is a life of activity expressing virtue Essence of Political rule: ruling and being ruled The highest community is the political community Without law man is the worst of animals and law depends for its existence on the state. In order to meet our needs we must interact with nature to get the results we want. Work is a process, not an activity. Work is enslaving, provided by necessity Some people are fit for being slaves, others are fit for ruling. It is only natural that things are that way. Man is a political animal, that needs to live in a community. Trade is necessary, and therefore there is a need for a division of labour. Property is those goods need to develop their ability to develop a virtuous life Surplus has to be exchanged. Profit making is the pursuit of false wealth (capital) The Unconditionally best regime is the rule of the virtuous. Fundamental value of political community is friendship Aristotle criticizes Plato’s utopia, arguing that it gives too much unity to the state, and would make the state into an individual. A government is good when it aims at the good of the whole community, bad when it cares only for itself. Good Governments Bad Governments Monarchy Tyranny (Worse) Aristocracy Oligarchy Constitutional government (polity) Democracy (Least worse) Citizenship is defined by participation in office and in ruling. Political rule is mastery of free people ublic life is far more virtuous than the private Good citizen vs. good man Aristotle does not have a conception of an absolute good and has a more matrial account of morality. – rights Machiavelli: use deception and illusion for the better purpose of economic ends of the state – prince must be immoral opportunitst, people should never know the â€Å"real him†, but this creates a high risk of being seen as bad leader – overall the lead is not a good one because you cannot rule you people with immoral action – ends justify means – goal of politics to maintain power and stability citizen must obey ruler and do as one told, no room for citizen participation in politics – equality does not exist – prince must be loved and feared – progress for the state = improving means of production (capitalism) Virtue: fortune/luck is half our actions – always appear virtuous – one capacity to understand political life and control it for the greater good of the state not for the sake of morality – priority of security over morality – price must be immoral when need be, to ensure the state security – generosity vs compassion – Machiavelli-Power A good ruler is not always good; he is good when he has to be but is cruel when the situation requires it. †¢ Leader or prince must have virtu: a set of qualities necessary to be a politician worthy of praise †¢ Learn to be able to not be good †¢ He attacks secular moralists and the Christian ideals of morality †¢ The prince must have courage to do whatever it takes to get what he needs. †¢ â€Å"Small evils to prevent greater evils† †¢ Political stability is a condition for a private moral life †¢ Domestic sphere is the domain of morality. †¢ Role of the state is to ensure security †¢ Prince must be a realist †¢ Acquisition of power is important How is power won, lost and maintained is the main focus of The Prince †¢ No traditional idea of â€Å"legitimate power† †¢ To achieve political ends, power is necessary. †¢ Fortuna, it is good to do whatever is required to obtain power. †¢ Appear to be good to the general public †¢ We admire the virtuous leaders †¢ No hard rules in politics, no political formulas †¢ Skill, assertiv e independence is necessary to have political power. †¢ People want power, mainly self interested †¢ Stability, is important †¢ Glory is not a bad thing, it is actually praiseworthy †¢ The Prince must try to master Fortuna as much as he possibly can Hobbes- Leviathan: The Sovereign is not the direct expression of individual rules but an abstraction of the natural desire to rule †¢ Hobbes wants us to abstain from politics by agreeing to be ruled by this artificial man or sovereign †¢ For by art is created the Great Leviathan, commonwealth †¢ Trade liberty for security †¢ Liberty under Hobbes’ sovereign is whatever is not restricted by law. †¢ Humans in the state of nature are in a constant state of war, everything belongs to †¢ Society and political community is artificial †¢ Human equality : in nature nobody is superior to another †¢ What makes authority possible? What is the source of authority? What makes legitimate authority possible? †¢ How can individuals who are biologically autonomous, who judge and see matters differently, who can never be sure whether they can trust one another, how can such individuals accept a common authority? †¢ That is the fundamental question of the social contract tradition. †¢ When is authority in question? True in Hobbes’ time of civil war †¢ Hobbes tells a story: he tells the story about something he calls the state of nature. Hobbes will always be associated with the idea of the state of nature. †¢ It is not the biblical account of Eden, nor is it a political condition like maintained by Aristotle. Sovereign’s main function is to make us equal †¢ The state of nature is not a condition of actual fighting, but a known disposition of actual fighting. †¢ His claim that the state of war is a condition that we are naturally in, is to say that nature does not unite us. If nature is a norm, it does not mandate us to peace, friendship and solidarity with others. Only art and human relations can bring about peace. †¢ Authority and relations are the product of contrivance and art. – Plato: moral guidance, not legal obidence – philosopher king rule over all with rationality (rational part of soul rules over honor seeking and appeitive) must make the state a â€Å"utopia†; all work together for the common good of the state- seek harmony – children are all raised together and educated together – soverign is essential because it takes the best people in society and puts them in power – ruler acts as moral guider for other social classes – philosopher kings; determine justice and law because of their unique virtue (rationality) – each individual serves as a purpose in society, according to certain qualification (rationality, honor, appetite) that makes them more suited to a particular task (ruler, auxiliary, worker) without the philosopher king men fall pity to their desires and appeitiess(greed) – the state acts as a check for the passions of individuals – humans want what is intrinstically good, while they are capable of commiting wrong, this is because of some appetitie/desire rather than some flaw – there exists no equality, there is a social order in which you are born into – everyone is guided by the philosopher king beacuase they posses the ultimate truth, without them the normal person would not know how to act in socity and would fall prey to passions and selfishness humans want what is best, therefore listen to higher good – justice throught: strength, philosophy and doing good to friends Property: plato fails to identify population increase and other countries boundarys Plato- Republic: †¢ What is justice? Is it appearing just but really being unjust? Is it the rule of the strongest? †¢ Move away from ordinary definitions of justice. Perfect Justi ce vs. Perfect injustice †¢ The Necessary myths: religion. Myths are not true but they are helpful in a society to keep order. â€Å"Noble lie† †¢ Allegory of the cave: The world of appearances is only a reflection of the pure realm of forms. The best life is the one spent contemplating the fundamental laws of the universe. †¢ The Philosophers must be kings, also called guardians. †¢ Their role is to overlook everything in society is working correctly, and in order to do this they must be philosophers. †¢ Rulers must live in commune, share everything in order that their desires are quenched and they can dedicate full attention to the city. †¢ We are born with natural aptitudes and we should become that to which our natural aptitude fits best. †¢ Perfect city: harmony and order †¢ Noble lie: Gold people are the most apt to lead and become guardians. Silver people are merchants and traders, and bronze people are craftsmen. People can only mate with a person of the same category. †¢ The skill of a guardian/ruler is similar to that of craftsman. The state is the guardian’s craft so he should be prepared to deal with it appropriately. Democracy is cause of conflict because most people are not suited to rule or make political decisions. †¢ Mastery according to nature †¢ Justice: minding your own business. †¢ Women are not naturally inferior to men. †¢ The form of the Good is higher than justice, and requires extensive training to grasp it. Truth exists independent of time and space. †¢ Justice is a relation among individuals, depending on social organization; and that in consequence it can be studied better as part of the structure of a community than as a quality of personal conduct. †¢ Men are acquisitive, ambitious, competitive, and jealous by nature. †¢ Democracy ruins itself by exce ss of democracy. Its basic principle is the equal right of all to hold office and determine public policy. People are not properly equipped by education to select the best rulers and the wisest courses. †¢ To understand politics, we must understand psychology. Like man, like state† †¢ Human behavior flows from desire, emotion and knowledge. Desire, appetite, impulse instinct, these are one; emotion, spirit, ambition, courage another; finally knowledge, thought, intellect, reason, these are another. †¢ Statesmanship is a science and an art. Only a philosopher king is fitted to guide a nation. †¢ Education should be physical as well as intellectual, and musical. †¢ Justice is about organizing the political community so everyone can live the good life. †¢ Perfect organization of the city so each individual can develop his or her own nature †¢ Every individual is the product of the city People are slaves to their own desires †¢ Good life=con templation †¢ The perfect ruler has knowledge of the Good, and designs all laws and institutions in according with the Good. †¢ What’s missing is a fundamental knowledge of the structure of the world. †¢ The confine of reality is own human nature. â€Å"City† Timocracy Love of honor, desire of treasure. Good=Honor Oligarchy Regime founded on Prosperity. Good=Money Democracy Rule by the multitude. Good=Freedom Tyranny Takes power, wages war, enslaves the people. Good=Desires of tyrant How to cite Political Theory: Comparing Locke, Rousseau and Plato, Papers

Quantitative and Statistical Research Methods

Question: Discuss about the Quantitative and Statistical Research Methods. Answer: Introduction The topic of the research is racial discrimination followed in organization in Australia. The major victims of racism in Australia are the people of Aboriginal and Torres Islander. They are the natives and the indigenous people of Australia. Apart from them, there are immigrant communities which also faces the discrimination but at a lower rate. It was stated by Gale (2016), that the problems faced by these people in working environment, public places, and other places affect the living standard of the country. It also reduces the efficiency in the working places resulting in a low productivity. Background of the research Racial discrimination, commonly known as the racism stands for treating people unfairly on the basis of their race, ethnicity, religious background, colour, and nationality. Racism in Australia is a major issue that affects the daily lives in the workplaces and other places all over the country and shapes the societies. According to Sonn (2012), there are many laws which have been created by the government to reduce such racism issues, yet the problem still exists. Several policies have been taken by the corporate offices and their Human Resource Managements to reduce this problem. These laws and regulations altogether reduced the racism problem to some extent, but there are still scopes for improvement. Statement of purpose The purpose of the research is to find out the extent of racial discriminations followed in Australia and the reasons for discrimination. The purpose of this research is to see how much racism affects social activities and the pattern of the discriminations. Research Questions: The research is aiming to answer the following questions: What is the extent of racial discrimination in Australia? Who are the main victims of racism in Australia? What are the main reasons behind the racist attitude of Australians? Literature survey: According to Jonason (2015), personality psychology is one of the major reasons behind racial discrimination in Australia. Racism towards Anglo-Australians and Middle-Easterners were the victim along with the Aboriginals. These racism traits were considered as the Dark Triad which incorporates psychopathic, Machiavellianism, and narcissism. They were the victim of social dominance and authoritarianism. The paper showed how racism is often done unintentionally, without the target of hurting someone. But the result is the same. In the opinion of Nelson (2013), there are some factors which determine the racism and to what extent these people face difficulties. It answers the first question of the research. This results in social discrimination and exclusion of certain people from different background. The colour of skin, background, in-group, out-group bias and many other issues are the reasons behind the racial discrimination, which magnifies the discrimination. Racism hits Australia a nd its citizen to that extent where it disturbs the economic and social processes. As stated by Nott and Hathway (2015), people of Melbourne have to come up and stand against racism in order to make a better society for everyone. According to this paper, getting rid of racism requires effort from two sides, the receiver or victim, and the racist person. Common people marching against the hostile behaviour of several Australians towards the asylum seekers and refugees coming to the country shows the society's integrity. More examples like this will surely make Australia a tolerant country. Two thousand Australians marched to Federation Square on 4th April to oppose the bad behaviour towards these people as not reacting to the deeds of racists the minorities are making themselves easily available for these cases. Measures like this are targeted towards reducing the extent of racial discrimination in Australia. As it is not easy to quantify the reasons and extent of racial discriminati on, the paper proposes taking qualitative measures to improve the situation. These measures include road march for creating awareness among the citizen. As stated by Ruhanen and Whitford (2016), many sustainable business models incorporating tourism businesses in Australia are following indigenous policy to improve the socio-economic structure in the country. There are few examples where sustainable indigenous tourism has been achieved. According to many studies, indigenous business persons have to establish themselves as the legitimate business persons to enter into the global market place. The focus of the Legitimacy theory is whether the social and most common norms are followed in the businesses as well regarding racial discrimination. It shows how badly racism affects the indigenous tourism business. The paper also argues that the main victims of the racial discrimination in Australia are the natives and those who have recent immigration history. Due to the diversity in the society, comes a difference in cultures. The victims of the discrimination like the Aboriginals and indigenous are threatened by this trait of the society. I t in turn hampers the economic process of the country. It dampens the speed of production in Australia by a huge margin and creates a bad working environment for the people with different background. In the opinion of Forrest and Dunn (2013), Australia constitutes of a few numbers of non-white ethnic minorities. It makes them a soft target for the racial discrimination. They are the main victim of racism in Australia. This is followed by social exclusion in many working places, resulting in decreasing efficiency. A telephone survey of 2007 shows the degree of racism, tolerance, and intolerance rate are different in different places in the same country. The federal government of Australia has taken several measures in order to increase social inclusion. But the measurements were taken without doing any detailed research or survey, which in most cases make the measures a failure and increase what the government is trying to stop in the first place. According to Forrest, Elias and Paradies (2016), to understand how the mind of a racist works one has first to go through the same. It will help the research by identifying the main reasons behind the racist attitude of Australians. To understand the reasons, according to the paper, it had introduced two new approaches to understanding the racism factors in Australia. Normally, out-group racists target people from other religions, cultures, and societies. Due to the diversity of the population of Melbourne, the survey was done in this Australian city. The paper shows the main reasons behind how people from out-group who are non-whites and belong to backward classes are the easy targets of this kind of racism. As stated by Noble (2012), the race debate in Australia incorporated the One Nation Party led by Pauline Hanson's criticisms regarding the immigration program of the country. The social transformation from the time of British rule was depicted here. The government of Australia has taken several measures to improve the situation in the country, but the results were not always positive. The type of race discrimination changed from time to time. The pattern of racism changed from "old" to "new racism." The Australia Asia connection had a positive effect on the issues of racism which later faded with time. In the view of Li et al. (2013), the degree of racial discrimination hugely depends on prejudicial attitudes of the people. In Australia, among North Queenslander, the classical and modern prejudicial attitudes towards the refugees are mostly witnessed. Classical prejudices are more of an open form. On the other hand, modern prejudice is more subtle in nature. The study was done on 370 residents of North Queenslanders to understand the sentiment behind the discriminations. The case study has shown that the classic racial discrimination has become more socially unacceptable over time, while the modern prejudices are getting accepted. The reason behind this change is people who showed classic racism often are excluded from their usual groups. As stated by Babacan (2012), racism is a problem faced all over the world from early ages. Most of the racial behaviours have their roots in history. Racial discrimination can be divided into many parts such as, Racism as domination, Racism as discrimination, Racism as Institution, Racism as racist beliefs, and Racism as discourse. That racism is called Domination racism where one group of people try and dominate another one. Discriminating racism causes inequality in society. The political environment, different platforms of media, the education system of a country or state incorporates institution racism. Racistly believes formed due to ideological differences. The degree of racism in a country depends on the differences in ideologies. According to Hage (2014), the new societies of Australia are more inclusive. The groups in the modern era consist of people from different backgrounds and cultures. This has reduced racial discrimination according to some people. In reality, a new kind of racism has taken over modern era. It changed just changed its form, intensity, and the way it circulates in different scenarios. This is true for most of the developed countries. Hence, the government has to implement new rules which will address these new kinds of racism. The old or classic racism has changed over time. This calls for an update in the regulations and corporate policies. The measures have to be more focused towards each one of the racial discriminations. This way more issues can be addressed simultaneously. The root cause behind these issues lies in the epistemological process. As stated by Grigg and Manderson (2015), Psychopathy is in the field of anti-social behaviour. Attitudes consisting racial discrimination are considered as anti-social behaviour. These two share commonalities with several traits. The research has proved that there is a strong relationship between Psychopathy and racism. That trait which creates Psychopathy also constructs minds with racist ideologies. The relationship between criminal behaviour and racist attitudes thus are positive. Both male and female carry racist ideologies, and there is no significant difference between the two genders regarding racist attitude. Most of the people are some way or other racists. The reasons are also different behind each case. Ethical Issues: This research holds the scope of reducing racial discrimination in Australia. No mental and physical harm were intended to be a part of the research. The names of the participants will not be disclosed without their consent. There is a tremendous scope of benefits for those people of Australia who faces racism in their daily lives. The research will reveal to what extent Australia faces racial discrimination and who are the main victims. The reasons behind racial discrimination will also be revealed which will help both the victims and the government of Australia to take proper policy measures. Methodology: This section shows the system of the methods that were used in the research. The researcher will rely on qualitative strategy for its methodology. As the research is explained descriptively the researcher uses qualitative strategy for its evaluation. The interview conducted from the citizens of Australia will be answered descriptively as the questionnaire will contain close ended questions. As quantifying the attributes of discrimination is hard, the research chooses the qualitative measures to understand the racism scenario of the country. The primary and secondary data are thus collected accordingly. The policy measures can be quantified later by the authorities, but at the primary stage the qualitative strategy will help the research to evaluate where the society stands regarding racism. Design, Strategy, and Framework: Statistical operations will be done in order to get results from the collected sample data. The data will be used to understand the extent of racial discrimination that is present in the societies of Australia. Various statistical tools and instruments like econometrics, correlation, and regression will be used in order to get answers to the research questions and targets. Data will be collected in such a way that the main victims of racism can be identified with ease. Explanations will be provided for the main reasons behind the racist attitude of people in Australia. To see, the connections between several racial discrimination traits statistical tools like correlation and rank correlation will be used. According to Hedges and Olkin (2014), to understand the factors that affect the racist behaviour of the people, econometrics will be used. This will give an in depth analytical view of the racism scenario in Australia. The victims of racial discrimination will get highlighted according to the research process. Sample: The sample domain will consist of normal Australian citizens with the main focus on the aboriginals and people from Torres Strait Islander. They are the indigenous people of the country. Stratified sampling will be done for the research where several strata will be created from the collected data. This will ease the process of calculations. The population set is the total number of the citizens of Australia. The samples will be collected randomly from the population to ensure no bias is a part of the research. Data Collection: Both primary and secondary data will be used for the research purpose. Primary data will be collected directly by creating a questionnaire which will be answered by randomly chosen Australian citizens. Secondary data will be collected from previous private researches and government websites. Primary data will help to understand the unbiased scenario of racism while secondary data will support the literature survey. The results will be interconnected. One will complement the other. The secondary data will be collected during the time of further literature survey, and primary data will be collected after the research gets approved. Significance: The research is very significant for the people of Australia. The research can also help the organizations operating in Australia to prepare policies which will improve the working environment. The government can also use the researchs results for creating rules and regulations. These will make the country more tolerant. The people of Australia will get a better view of the racism issues. Limitations: The limitations of research are those, which could not be controlled. These are the shortcomings which influenced the research and placed restrictions in the research methodology. The major limitation of the study is that it could not incorporate all the time periods in a single time frame to get the results. More time was needed to create a more detailed research process. More time could also provide the opportunity to create a more detailed literature survey. As stated by Martin and Bridgmon (2012), collecting a more detailed primary data would require more time which would make the research more connected to the reality. There might be other situational reasons which determines racism pattern but will not be the part of the research because of lack of statistical attributes. References: Babacan, H. (2012). Racism denial in Australia: the power of silence. Australian Mosaic, 32, 1-2. Forrest, J., Dunn, K. (2013). Cultural diversity, racialisation and the experience of racism in rural Australia: the South Australian case. Journal of Rural Studies, 30, 1-9. Forrest, J., Elias, A., Paradies, Y. (2016). Perspectives on the geography of intolerance: Racist attitudes and experience of racism in Melbourne, Australia. Geoforum, 70, 51-59. Gale, P. (2016, July). Racism, Nationalism and the Asylum Seeker Crisis: Towards a Sociology without Borders. In Third ISA Forum of Sociology (July 10-14, 2016). Isaconf. Grigg, K., Manderson, L. (2015). Is There a Relationship Between Psychopathic Traits and Racism?. Current Psychology, 34(4), 702-712. Hage, G. (2014). Continuity and change in Australian racism. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 35(3), 232-237. Hedges, L. V., Olkin, I. (2014). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Academic press. Jonason, P. K. (2015). How dark personality traits and perceptions come together to predict racism in Australia. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 47-51. Li, W., Jackson, K., Johnson, H., Miller, D. J. (2013). Modern and classical racism toward refugees among North Queenslanders. Martin, W. E., Bridgmon, K. D. (2012). Quantitative and statistical research methods: From hypothesis to results (Vol. 42). John Wiley Sons. Nelson, J. K. (2013). Denial of racism and its implications for local action. Discourse Society, 24(1), 89-109. Noble, G. (2012). Transforming A White Australia: Issues Of Racism And Immigration. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35(11), 2028-2029. Nott, J., Hathway, S. (2015). Racism has no place on our streets. Green Left Weekly, (1048), 9. Ruhanen, L., Whitford, M. (2016). Racism as an inhibitor to the organisational legitimacy of Indigenous tourism businesses in Australia. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-15. Sonn, C. C. (2012). Speaking unspoken memories: Remembering apartheid racism in Australia. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 18(3), 240.

Spirituals Africanized America free essay sample

Spirituals Africanized America Claudia Androgen Vega Barstow Community College When people talk about music, do they ever wonder where all these great expressions come from? Music Is general Is such a broad subject, but In the case of American music, there Is one Important root: The African American Spirituals. These Negro Spiritual songs like, Swing Low, Sweet Chariot, The Wings of Atlanta, Been a -listening, and The Dawn of freedom express the sorrow and suffering of African American people to the world (Dills, Hansen, Parfait, 2011).In the late 18th and early 19th century these songs became popular and have influenced future American music genre (Jones, 2004)). This Influence can be seen in blues, Jazz, rock and roll, hip-hop, and rap. Spirituals relegated from the encounter between African slaves and Christianity. These slaves thought Charlatanry hypocritical due to the love white Americans professed and the slavery they applied. Regardless of the actions of white Americans, slaves still believed in the wonderful stories of the Bible. We will write a custom essay sample on Spirituals Africanized America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is what led them to express themselves in songs Ones, 2004).Of the Negro spiritual, like Du Bois said, the Negro folk-song-?the rhythmic cry of the slave-?stands etc-day not simply as the sole American music, but as the most beautiful expression of human experience born this side the seas (Talks, Hansen, Parfait, 2011, peg. 137). Spirituals were the first manifestations of their newly African American culture. These songs were passing a message from the past to Du Bois present; therefore he did not identify them as African songs but sole American music. Spirituals were not like the songs people know now. They were more like a ;call and response method; improvising a phrase followed by a repeat response which sometimes became the chorus of the song (Origins of Jazz, n. D. ). These songs became popular at the end of the eighteen- century and during the last years of legalized slavery (Jones, 2004). Du Bolls explains that thanks to a blacksmiths son. Who defended once Cincinnati from a Confederate General, these songs became known all over the U. S. , Ireland, Scotland, Holland, and Switzerland. He formed a school for black children in Nashville. In 1866, He passed n to these children the spirituals he had learned as a child.Once these children sang and passed into his soul with their voices, He knew they were ready to let the world hear them. There were four poor black boys and five girls who traveled fighting cold and hunger. Until they had the opportunity to sang to the Congregational Council at Oberlin (Dills, Hansen, Parfait, 2011). People were amazed by the message of these children that finally surfaced to the world. They sang for seven years in the United States and Europe, and finally returned home with a hundred and fifty housing dollars to give rise to Fish University (Dills, Hansen, Parfait, 2011).After Slavery ended and couple years after spirituals surfaced, the songs started to fade past. Thus, they were still used for worship at African American churches Cones, 2004). Finally American music started to take a new turn. It was called Blues. This new genre of music had many similarities with the spirituals because it rose from similar conditions: hardship. Early blues had the same structure as the call and response of the spirituals. An example of early blues is Good Morning Blues by Leadenly. It emphasized call and response with the new blues rhythm (Blues Roots, n. D).Though these songs delivered a different message, they talked about their visions of the future and success rather than complaints. With the European influence, black people created a new genre of American music called Jazz. They followed some of the call and response pattern but with the help of European instruments (Origin of Jazz, n. D). Some of these instruments were trombone and, piano and they kept African instruments like the banjo and fiddle (Origin of Jazz, n. D). In the early twentieth century, Jazz was considered to be a low class genre. This is because it went against the regular classic standards of the music of the time.Early jazzs similarity with spirituals is that their lyrics were not written. Its lyrics were improvised and so was its rhythm. Jazz played a huge role in southern culture and identity (Origin of Jazz, n. D). An example of early Jazz is Sobbing Blues by King Olivers Creole Jazz Band. Spirituals influenced Rock n Roll in a similar way. After the end slavery, the new songs that were written did not speak of freedom anymore until the Civil Rights Movement. This movement was started by the minorities in order to have the same civil rights as every other American Cones, 2004).

Trelawny of the Wells Summary and Analyzation essays

Trelawny of the Wells Summary and Analyzation essays Arthur Wing Pinero's Trelawny of the Wells was one that I personally was open-minded to when required to see the production at the Ruth Halls Theatre. Because theatre and art interest me, I expected the production of Trelawny to be quite well. When I came to the Wednesday production, I wanted to examine the design qualities and aspects of the play. In a previous theatre class, I tried to examine the acting quality and styles of the production, but failed to recall as much as I would have liked for the response paper. Although the plot of Trelawny of the Wells was disappointing and bland, the costume, sound, scene, and lighting design helped enhance the performance of the actors and suspense of the audience. The beginning of the first act of Trelawny was confusing. There was not a clear connection to what the characters names were and it was difficult to understand what Mr. Albett was saying. I found myself fiddling through the program trying to figure out whom he was speaking to. I do understand that actor playing Mr. Albett had to use slang type of English, but it was frustrating trying to figure out what was being said. The costume design of this scene had me very interested because the social class of the characters could be determined by their clothing. I first questioned Tom Wrench's costume because I seen a few tears on his shoulder and knee and thought it was the fault of the costume designer, but throughout the production I realized that he was a gypsy and could not afford the lavish The color contrast used for the costume design in the first act was very apparent and positive. Rose Trelawny was introduced in the first act in a white dress that was of higher class than Mr. Wrench's clothing even though they were both employed by the Wells theatre. One could recognize that Rose must have been looked high upon because of white gown, which represented pureness in ...

Adult Learners in Higher Education and Training Essay

Adult Learners in Higher Education and Training - Essay Example Therefore, contract learning aims at assigning more learning input from student rather than making learning teacher centered. Knowles further notes that the use of contract learning will help solve some learning problems by reducing the wide different gap between different learning groups among the adult learners. The essence of the learning contract is because learning institutions often receive people or learners from different backgrounds, with varied interest, previous experiences, lifestyle, learning styles, learning speeds, and outside commitments. Knowles noted that didactic is the sure way to all these interests since this teaching will aim at the middle (Knowles, 1986). Notably, concentrating at the middle will pull students at the lower end towards the middle so that they are not left far behind and those at the top will not be extremely bored. The contract learning is to assist student structure their own learning towards meeting the learning or educational needs (Knowles, 1995). Developing learning contract often requires a sense of cognitive and personal learning styles. There is also need for the teacher to diagnose his or her personal learning needs in relation to what the students need. This will also help in projecting the expectation at the end of the learning contract. Finally, there is a need for the teacher for formulate specific objects to be accomplished after the learning contract. Knowles, M. S. (1995).  Designs for adult learning: Practical resources, exercises, and course outlines from the father of adult learning. Alexandria, VA: American Society for Training and Development

Enzymes activity Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Enzymes activity - Lab Report Example The three sets of reactions were prepared by adding varying amounts of 0.25M sucrose and distilled water. In one set, 0.2 ml of 75mM of magnesium chloride was added, and in another set, an equal amount of 4M Urea was added as inhibitors to the reaction. Reactions in living organisms are slow, enzymes speed up the reactions so as to maintain life. The enzymes control the reactions by ensuring that every reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme and at a particular point in a cell. They have a tertiary structure and are folded in a conformation that many intramolecular interactions of amino acids that make up the molecule. They are not used up in the reactions therefore can be used in several reactions. They are substrate specific that is they fold in a shape assisted by chaperone proteins that will determine which substrate the enzyme will act upon. Coenzymes and cofactors aid enzymes in their functions. Enzymes can be denatured by extremes in temperature and pH. Competitive inhibitors, noncompetitive inhibitors and allosteric inhibitors regulate enzyme activity. The enzymes do not change the reactions’ equilibrium since the free energies of the reactants or products are not changed. Enzymes are catalysts that are protein in nature that increase the rate of a chemical reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower free energy of activation. The reaction is usually expressed as In enzyme kinetics, the Michaelis Menten reaction relates the reaction rate (ÃŽ ½) to [S] which is the concentration of a substrate. The Km and the Vmax of an enzyme can be determined from determination of the initial rates of the enzyme catalyzed reactions over the concentration of the substrate. The maximum rate achieved is Vmax while Km is the Michaelis constant, is the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half of Vmax. Km varies from one enzyme to another but is

Neuroscience Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Neuroscience - Article Example the center 4 tiles), the amount of time a rat spent in the center of the field (i.e. the center 4 tiles), and the number of tile crossings all indicated that rats treated with LiCl had indeed reduced risk taking, locomotor activity and exploratory behavior when undergoing the open-field test compared to sodium chloride (NaCl) treated control rats. Note, the tendency of the rat to cling and spend much time on the walls of the test apparatus indicates a high level of anxiety or fear. On the contrary, a less fearful rat portrays the tendency of greater exploration within the experiment apparatus. As such, the rats that had been injected with LiCl spent much time on the walls of the apparatus – a sign of increased fear and high level of anxiety. The results obtained in this test were in agreement with other studies previously conducted. Laboratory observations have suggested an interaction between lithium chloride (LiCl) and exploratory behavior of rats. Studies have confirmed that LiCl administration tends to suppress locomotor activity in rats (Johnson et al., 1972). An open field apparatus was used to observe the exploratory behavior and the movement of the rats one hour after the injection of LiCl. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of LiCl on risk taking, exploratory behavior, and locomotor activity of rats. The behavioral pharmacology test conducted was aimed at seeing the effectiveness of Lithium chloride on the various specimens used and their response. The experiment used Lithium Chloride as the main ingredient and sodium chloride as the control solution. The main objective of the experiment was an observation of the effects of taking against not taking Lithium chloride and on the other hand taking sodium chloride. We used an Open Field Apparatus from whence we could observe the behavior of the rat immediately after the injection with the drug.

Velocity of Sound Experiment

Velocity of Sound Experiment Experiment no. 7: Velocity of Sound Laboratory Report Von Dela Rosa, Anna De Vera, Tricia Desierto, Department of Biological Science College of Science, University of Santo Tomas EspanÃÅ'Æ’a, Manila, Philippines Abstract Three activities were done in the experiment to demonstrate and further analyze the velocity of sound. In the first activity, the velocity of sound in air and in glass tube was computed. In the second activity, the speed of sound was computed using vernier microphone connected to vernier logger pro. Lastly, the speed of sound in solid using Kundts tube was calculated. In the data, it has been found out that the speed of sound in air has a theoretical speed of 347.8 m/s. A percent error of 7.4%, and 10.16% were acquired in the first experiment using different frequencies, and 5.66% error was acquired in the second activity. Lastly, it has been found out that the speed of sound in solid rod is computed to be 5044.33 m/s with a percent error of 15.33% when done experimentally. I. Introduction The pressure disturbance travelling from one particle to another connotes to the velocity of sound[1]. Basically, a sound wave is a travelling disturbance. Wave pulse connotes to a single disturbance while wave train is the series of disturbances. Wave frequency measures the number of pulse have been made in a length of given time[1]. In the simplest sense, frequency is the number of vibrations per seconds. It is usually measured in Hertz(Hz). On the other hand, resonance is the natural vibration frequency of an object. In the experiment, three activities have been done in  order to exemplify the different properties of sound. The objectives of the experiment are: a.) to verify the relationship between frequency of sound and its wavelength b.) to determine the speed of sound by means of a resonating air column; and c.) to determine the velocity of sound in a solid using a vibrating rod. II. Theory Sound wave Sound wave is a disturbance that travels from one location to another location. It is propagated by vibrating objects and can be transmitted through liquid, plasma, or gases as a longitudinal waves though in solids, sound waves can be transmitted as a longitudinal wave or transverse wave[1]. Longitudinal wave is a kind of wave wherein the particles move in a parallel direction relative to the wave direction. On the other hand, transverse wave vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave motion. Frequency Frequency is defined as the number of waves per unit of time. Frequency can be computed by dividing the velocity of sound in air to the twice the mean distance of two nodes[2]. V= Theoretical Value of the speed of sound in air à °Ã‚ Ã…“† = Twice the average of the distances between two consecutive displacement nodes Equation 1. Frequency of a Sound Resonating Air Column The basic principle behind the cylindrical air column is that resonance waves will only be produced at a definite frequency[3]. The closed end of the column depicts the wave node and the open end is the antinode. If the frequency of the column is equal to the frequency of the tuning fork, achieving resonance, the intensity of the sound is increased. Therefore, if the frequency of the tuning fork is not equal to the frequency of the column, resonance will not occur and the sound will be faint[2]. L=distance between a point and the top of the glass tube D= Diameter of the resonance tube Equation 2. Equation for wavelength f= Frequency = wavelength Equation 3. Equation for Velocity of sound in air inside the glass tube t= Temperature Equation 4. Equation for speed of sound in air at a certain temperature Kundt’s tube apparatus Kundts tube is an apparatus allows the group to calculate the speed of sound. Sound waves can travel to the tube by rubbing the metal end which will create a squeaking sound. In that scenario, the vibration of the rod will vibrate the disk causing it to propagate the frequency of the rod to the glass tube. Thus, the air inside the tube will move in response to the sound waves. Fine sand will take note of the airs response to the sound wave by exposing the striations done by rubbing the metal end[3]. The antinode, and the node were then noted. The wavelength of sound is twice the length of the rod. Equation for the speed of sound in the rod is shown in Equation5. The Equation for the theoretical speed of sound in the rod is shown in Equation 6. f= Frequency R= Wavelength of sound in the rod Equation5.Speed of sound in solid Y= Young’s modulus Ï = Density of the rod Equation 6. Theoretical speed of sound in the rod III. Methodology The materials used are resonance tube apparatus, two tuning forks with different frequencies, meter stick, rubber mallet, thermometer, and Kundt’s tube apparatus. Activity 1: Resonating Air Column Starting with the water near the top of the resonance tube apparatus, the group had strike the tuning fork using a rubber mallet and placed it on top of the glass tube. The water level was lowered slowly until the loudest sound was heard. The water level was marked at the highest sound heard. After that, the distance between that point and the top of glass tube was measured. Also, the diameter of the resonance tube was also measured. The wavelength of the sound produced was calculated. Two trials have been done to determine the average wavelength. Using the average wavelength and frequency engraved, the velocity of the sound in air was computed. The temperature of air inside the glass tube was also determined without the thermometer touching the water. The speed of sound in air was computed using the noted temperature. The percent error was computed by comparing the speed using the average wavelength and frequency and the speed calculated using the temperature inside the tube. The pr ocedure was computed using other tuning forks. Activity 2: Speed of Sound The vernier microphone was connected to Channel 1 of the interface. The position of the microphone was placed near the open end of a closed tube. The file 24 Speed of Sound in Physics was opened. As soon as the data collection begins, the fingers were snapped near the tube. From the graph in the computer screen, te time interval between the start of the first vibration and start of echo was determined. That time was noted as the time interval for the sound to travel through tube and back. The speed of sound was computed by dividing the length of the tube by one-half of the time interval obtained from the graph. The percent error was computed with the accepted value obtained in the first activity. Activity 3: Speed of Sound in Solid A thin layer of cork dust was placed uniformly in the Kundts tube. The rod was clamped at the center. The rod was rubbed with a piece of cloth with coarse powder, setting the rod into vibration producing high frequency. The wave pattern will be formed in the cork dust inside the glass tube. The displacement of the two consecutive displacement nodes has been measured and the mean distanced of the distance was calculated. The frequency of the sound was also calculated. The speed of sound in the rod and the theoretical speed of sound in the rod were also computed. Lastly, the percent error was calculated using the computed data. VI. Results and Discussion The three activities that were done in this experiment elaborating the speed of sound as it travels along a path. Activity 1: Resonating Air Column Temperature of air: 280C Diameter of Resonance Tube= 0.0344 m Table 1A: Measurements of Wavelengths Table 1A shows the frequency of the Tuning Fork and the different wavelengths of the three trials in meters. The result of the wavelength of each trials means that these are the wavelengths where the members heard the loudest sound that the Tuning Fork produced. Table 1B: Calculated Quantities Table 1B shows the computed Average Wavelengths in unit of meters; the Experimental and Theoretical Speeds both in unit of meters per second; and their respective % errors. Activity 2: Speed of Sound Table 2: Speed of Sound Table 2 shows the Total and Average Travel Times of both trials in unit of seconds; the Experimental and Theoretical Speeds that were calculated in unit of meters per second; and the computed % error of 5.66%. Figure 1: Trial 1 Figure 2: Trial 2 Figures 1 and 2 shows the different Time Interval of trials 1 and 2, between the start of the first vibration and the start of the echo vibration. Activity 3: Speed of Sound in Solid Table 3: Speed of Sound in Solid Table 3 shows the Average distances between node to node in meters; the wavelength of sound in air in meters per second; the frequency of sound in hertz; the length of the rod and the wavelength of sound in rod both in unit of meters, the wavelength of sound in the rod is twice the length of the rod; the experimental and theoretical speeds both in meters per second; and the computed % error of 15.33%. V. Conclusion The relationship between the frequency of sound and its wavelength was verified. In conclusion, the frequency and wavelength is inversely proportional to one another. The speed of sound was successfully determined by means of a resonating air column with percent errors of 7.4% and 10.16%. The determination of velocity of sound in a solid was successful by using a vibrating rod with a percent error of 15.33%. It can therefore be concluded that the distance between node to node is equivalent to the wavelength of sound. VI. Applications 1. What is the relation between frequency and wavelength of sound produced in a medium? The frequency and wavelength is inversely proportional to one another. The longer the wavelength, the shorter the frequency and vice versa. 2. What is the use of water in the activity 1? The water serves as reflector of sound waves back to the open end to cause a hearing sound if the frequency of the column equals to the frequency of the tuning fork. 3. In medical practice, ultrasound in the range of 1 to 5 megahertz is being used as an imaging modality, The associated wavelength in a typical human tissue range from 0.3mm to 0.06 mm. Find the velocity of ultrasound in the tissue. 4.The outer ear of a human may be thought of as closed pipe 2.7 cm long on the average. What frequency would be most effectively detected by the ear at 30 degrees Celsius. 5. Suppose that we increase the temperature of the air through which a sound wave is travelling, what effect does this have on the velocity of the wave. For a given frequency, what effect does increasing the temperature have on the wavelength of the sound wave? Explain. If the temperature increases, then the molecules are being excited. Therefore the molecules vibrate faster, causing the velocity of the wave to travel faster. Increasing the temperature corresponds to shorter sound wave. 6. If you were lying on the ground, would you hear footsteps sooner or later with your ear touching the ground or not? You would hear the footsteps sooner, because sound travels faster in a solid medium than in air. References: [1]  Pitch and frequency. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2014, from Physicsclassroom: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson-2/Pitch-and-Frequency [2]  Ã‚  Resonant air column. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2014, 2014, from hartnell: http://www.hartnell.edu/physics/labs/4c/2resonantaircolumn.pdf [3] Speed Of Sound In Thin Metal Rods And Young Modulus. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2014, from dsu.nodak: http://www2.dsu.nodak.edu/users/edkluk/public_html/nslab/ls_sv_ym.html

Rape fantasies :: essays research papers

Written in 1977, "Rape Fantasies" appears to be a recap of a conversation among several women during their lunch hour, a few of them playing bridge, one--Chrissy the receptionist--reading aloud from a tabloid. When Chrissy asks the question, "How about it, girls, do you have rape fantasies?" the story unfolds with each woman's response, all retold from the perspective of Estelle, who's doing her best to deflect the entire conversation by concentrating on her bidding. The conversation is tragically ironic, moving from woman to woman, Darlene calling the entire subject "disgusting," Greta describing a Tarzan-like scenario, Chrissy describing hers in a bubble bath, when Estelle, ever the voice of reason, reminds them that what they're describing are sexual fantasies: "Listen . . . those aren't rape fantasies. I mean, you aren't getting raped, it's just some guy you haven't met formally who happens to be more attractive than Derek Cummins . . . and you have a good time. Rape is when they've got a knife or something and you don't want to" (104.) Estelle then describes her rape fantasy where she deflects her attacker by squirting juice from a plastic lemon in his eyes ("You should hear the one about the Easy Off Cleaner"), but also includes the one where "this short, ugly fellow comes up and grabs my arm . . . [and] I say, kind of disgusted, 'Oh for Chrissake,' and he starts to cry," which prompts a wave of sympathy in Estelle (106). And there are more, each with Estelle warding off her attacker through outsmarting him ("I've just found out I have leukemia"), or talking him out of it. As the narrative continues, the reader becomes aware that Estelle is addressing someone in addition to the reader--"I hope you don't mind me holding my nose like this . . ." (107) and that person is probably a man (twice Estelle says, "But I guess it's different for a guy"). As the story ends, we realize that Estelle all along has been in a bar, speaking to a man she has just met, worrying about the possibility she will be raped by him. "Like, how could a fellow do that to a person he's just had a long conversation with, once you let them know you're human, you have a life too, I don't see how they could go ahead with it, right?

More and More on Technology Essay

They are the ‘machines’ which just receive their leaders’ requirements and relying on machines to complete without thinking. Becoming shortsighted and lose their belief, human act just for only financial purpose, regarding the progress and the negative effects. There have been many crises appearing one by one at the aspect of environmental pollution, religious conflicts and the injustice in the social wealth. For example, the Rhine has lost the beauty described by Friedrich HÃ ¶lderlin, a major German lyric poet, and been forced to be cut off and be a hydropower station to produce electricity as a slave to sever for human. Nature has changed its role, losing its previous holy, and become a serious of progress of being exploded, transformation, storage and distribution. There is not anybody like the Indians in New Mexico, refusing to use steel plough to tillage. Why? Is it just a rejection of using the plough? It’s absolutely not. At the aspect of Indians, land is their mother and they should respect and protect her as a part of their bodies and using the steel plough to cultivate the land equals to doing harm to their mother. Itis not a foolish behavior. In contrast,it completely shows they still have the loyalty and the pure soul comparing with those numb people lost in the frigid material world. What’s more, human are just rescued by technology but lose in their own dilemma created by themselves. For women, suffering from the twisted complex ethics and aesthetics, they are on the heavier social pressure of every behavior given by the followed medium. Even the weight, the figure and the action of the every part of their body are strictly required and involved in their ethics. They have to limit their desire to make the body slim and the culture of blind diet and losing weight, causing women live in a nervous station and get psychological disease. To sum up, technology, different from machine, is a dynamic progress where human use machine system to communicate with the nature to balance the relative relationships. It is a positive product of human exploring the objective world but human cannot rely on to seriously. Though most of people are the user of new technology and not the finder, our thought should not be limited by technology. We should consider how to use the technology to make the world harmonious and serve human more effectively.

The Letter Z Will Be Removed from the English Alphabet

The Letter Z Will Be Removed from the English Alphabet The Letter Z Will Be Removed from the English Alphabet The Letter Z Will Be Removed from the English Alphabet By Guest Author Surprising as it sounds, it looks like the English alphabet will be losing one of its letters on June 1st. The announcement came from the English Language Central Commission (ELCC). Here is a quote from the press release: After carefully considering and debating the matter for over two years, the ELCC came to the conclusion that the letter Z should be removed from the English alphabet. The main objective of this change is to simplify the phonetic aspect of the language, and to unify the American and British spellings. What will happen to the words that have the letter z in them? It depends on the word. According to the ELCC, words that started with a z will now start with an x. Examples include: zero becomes xero zoo becomes xoo zone becomes xone zodiac becomes xodiac Words that featured a z with the s sound, on the other hand, will now be officially written with the s (i.e., unifying the American and British spelling). Examples include: visualize becomes visualise analyze becomes analyse materialize becomes materialise What do you think about this change? Will it really simplify the English language, or will it make things more confusing? This post is an April fools prank. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives Abstract Nouns from AdjectivesPassed vs Past

Roman Imperial Succession in the Julio-Claudian Era

Roman Imperial Succession in the Julio-Claudian Era The Imperial period is the time of the Roman Empire. The 1st leader of the Imperial period was Augustus, who was from the  Julian  family of Rome. The next four emperors were all from his or his wifes (Claudian) family. The two family names are combined in the form   Julio-Claudian. The Julio-Claudian era covers the first few Roman emperors,  Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius,  and  Nero.​ Ancient Roman history is divided into 3 periods: RegalRepublicanImperial Sometimes a fourth period is included: Byzantine Period. The Rules of Succession Since the Roman Empire was new at the time of the Julio-Claudians, it still had to work out issues of succession. The first emperor, Augustus, made much of the fact that he was still following the rules of the Republic, which permitted dictators. Rome hated kings, so although emperors were kings in all but name, a direct reference to the succession of the kings would have been anathema. Instead, the Romans had to work out the rules of succession as they went. They had models, like the aristocratic road to political office (cursus honorum), and, at least in the beginning, expected emperors to have illustrious ancestors. It soon became apparent that a potential emperors claim to the throne required money and military backing. Augustus Appoints a Co-Regent The senatorial class historically passed along their status to their offspring, so succession within a family was acceptable; however, Augustus lacked a son to whom to pass along his privileges. In 23 B.C., when he thought he would die, Augustus handed a ring conveying imperial power to his trusted friend and general Agrippa. Augustus recovered. Family circumstances changed. Augustus adopted Tiberius, his wifes son, in A.D. 4 and gave him proconsular and tribunician power. He married his heir to his daughter Julia. In 13, Augustus made Tiberius co-regent. When Augustus died, Tiberius already had imperial power. Conflicts could be minimized if the successor had had the opportunity to co-rule. Tiberius Two Heirs Following Augustus, the next four emperors of Rome were all related to Augustus or his wife Livia. They are referred to as Julio-Claudians. Augustus had been very popular and so Rome felt allegiance to his descendants, too. Tiberius, who had been married to Augustus daughter and was the son of Augustus third wife Julia, had not yet openly decided who would follow him when he died in A.D. 37. There were 2 possibilities: Tiberius grandson Tiberius Gemellus or the son of Germanicus. On Augustus order, Tiberius had adopted Augustus nephew Germanicus and named them equal heirs. Caligulas Illness The Praetorian Prefect, Macro, supported Caligula (Gaius) and the Senate of Rome accepted the prefects candidate. The young emperor seemed promising at first but soon suffered a serious illness from which he emerged a terror. Caligula demanded extreme honors be paid to him and otherwise humiliated the Senate. He alienated the praetorians who killed him after 4 years as emperor. Unsurprisingly, Caligula had not yet selected a successor. Claudius is Persuaded to Take the Throne Praetorians found Claudius cowering behind a curtain after they assassinated his nephew Caligula. They were in the process of ransacking the palace, but instead of killing Claudius, they recognized him as the brother of their much loved Germanicus and persuaded Claudius to take the throne. The Senate had been at work finding a new successor, too, but the praetorians, again, imposed their will. The new emperor bought the continued allegiance of the praetorian guard. One of Claudius wives, Messalina, had produced an heir known as Britannicus, but Claudius last wife, Agrippina, persuaded Claudius to adopt her sonwhom we know as Neroas heir. Nero, the Last of the Julio-Claudian Emperors Claudius died before the full inheritance had been accomplished, but Agrippina had support for her son, Nero, from the Praetorian Prefect Burrus whose troops were assured a financial bounty. The Senate again confirmed the praetorians choice of successor and so Nero became the last of the Julio-Claudian emperors. Later Successions Later emperors often designated successors or co-regents. They could also bestow the title of Caesar on their sons or other family member. When there was a gap in the dynastic rule, the new emperor had to be proclaimed either by the Senate or the army, but the consent of the other was required to make the succession legitimate. The emperor also had to be acclaimed by the people. Women were potential successors, but the first woman to rule in her own name, Empress Irene (c. 752 - August 9, 803), and alone, was after our time period. Succession Problems The first century saw 13 emperors, the 2nd, 9, but then the 3rd produced 37 (plus the 50 Michael Burger says never made it to the rolls of the historians). Generals would march on Rome where the terrified senate would declare them emperor (imperator, princeps, and augustus). Many of these emperors with nothing more than force legitimating their positions, had assassination to look forward to. Sources: A History of Rome, by M. Cary and H.H. Scullard. 1980.Also J.B. Burys History of the Later Roman Empire and The Shaping of Western Civilization: From Antiquity to the Enlightenment, by Michael Burger. For more information on imperial succession, see: The Transmission of the Powers of the Roman Emperor from the Death of Nero in A.D. 68 to That of Alexander Severus in A.D. 235, by Mason Hammond; Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol. 24, (1956), pp. 6163-133.

Hazard & Vulnerability Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hazard & Vulnerability Analysis - Essay Example Unlike the other phases, which focus more on short term action, the Migation Phase is all about long term planning and future foresight, which is important if you want any Emergency Management Plan to succeed. That the front end of the Migation Phase, and it what its main purpose is as the first step of the Emergency management cycle. However, the Migation Phase can also be used at the end of the cycle as a part of the Recovery Phase. But you have passed down instructions that our work is not to overlap any of the other phases, and that will put huge cracks in the cycle and utterly doom it to even working as we all hope it shall. If we are not able to work hand in hand with the Recovery Phase in helping at the tale end of problems, how are we supposed to know how to better prepare for them next time In order for a successful Migation Phase, we need it to work on both ends of the cycle, at the start and the end, and for it to work hand in hand with the Recovery phase to help better prepare ourselves for an emergency next time it may occur. Working with the other parts of the cycle are just as important if we want to be successful.

7-Eleven Japans strategic supply chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

7-Eleven Japans strategic supply chain - Essay Example The success of 7-Eleven as a convenience store transformed it to become one of the world's largest operator, franchisor and licensor of convenience stores, with more than 27,900 units worldwide.In November 2005, 7-Eleven was taken private by Seven-Eleven Japan Company, a Japanese retailing chain. As the largest convenience store chain in the world, 7-Eleven convenience stores are open 24 hours a day. In Japan, the size of its stores was decreased in size that ranges from 125 to 150 square meters and each store stocks approximately 2,300 to 2,800 items. The company sells tobacco, beverages, beer, wine, candy snacks, fresh foods, dairy items and other general merchandise through its stores. In addition, 7-Eleven sells a number of private label products such as Slurpee semi-frozen carbonated beverages, Cafe Select coffee, Big Gulp fountain beverages and Big Bite hotdogs.Since its establishment in 1973, 7-Eleven Japan had taken on "Adapting to Change" as its business slogan, reflecting i ts focus on adapting to changing consumer trends. As such, its 7-Eleven convenience stores had earned the patronage of much of the population, far outstripping other companies in the convenience store sector as well as in the overall retail industry in terms of growth and profitability. In 2000, while Japan was in the midst of an economic downturn, 7-Eleven Japan opened an additional 423 stores and recorded the highest profits in the retail industry. Fact is that 7-Eleven Japan realized its phenomenal growth between the years of 1985 and 2003. During these period, the number of stores increased from 2,299 to 10,303; annual sales increased from 386 billion to 2,343 billion yen; and net income increased from 9 billion to 91.5 billion yen. Additionally, the company's return on equity (ROE) averaged around 14 percent between 2000 and 2004. In 2004, Seven-Eleven Japan represented Japan's largest retailer in terms of operating income and number of stores. Customer visits to 7-Eleven outle ts totaled 3.6 billion that year, averaging almost 30 visits to a 7-Eleven annually for every person in Japan. This impressive result and its rapid growth were due to its efforts at developing merchandise and services that met customers' needs and requirements. For example, it was the pioneer in providing ready-made meals such as sushi and spaghetti that had become popular among the Japanese population. In addition, the information and distribution systems played an especially large role in placing 7-Eleven Japan in a leading position. A convenience store chain attempts to be responsive and provide customers what they need, when they need it, where they need it. What are some different ways that a convenience store supply chain can be responsive What are some risks in each case Increasing supply chain responsiveness would mean the firm will also increase its ability to: Strategy in Increasing Supply Chain Responsiveness Risks Involved respond to wide ranges of quantities demanded meet short lead times handle a large variety of products build highly innovative products meet a very high service level Wider range of quantity implies greater variance in demand Less time to react to orders Demand per product becomes more disaggregated New products tend to have more uncertain demand Firm now has to handle unusual surges in demand Matching supply chain capabilities to customer's requirements means that a firm and their supply chain partners must be continually reassessing their performance with respect to these requirements. This reveals the importance of performance measures and their ability to relay information regarding the performance of each member within the supply chain, along with the performance of the supply chain vis--vis its end customers. Successful supply chains are those that can continue to deliver the right combination of cost, quality, and customer service as customer needs change. Weaknesses in any of these areas can mean loss of competitiveness and profits for all