Construct Developed in Psychometrics to Determine...

The g factor, or general factor, is a construct developed in psychometrics to determine cognitive abilities. It is a variable that summarizes positive correlations among various cognitive tasks, which demonstrate an individuals performance at one type of cognitive task tends to be comparable to his or her performance at other kinds of cognitive tasks. The g factor typically accounts for 40 to 50 percent of the variance in IQ test performance, and IQ scores are frequently regarded as estimates of an individuals g factor rating (Kamphaus et al. 2005). The terms IQ, general intelligence, general cognitive ability, general mental ability, or simply intelligence, are often used interchangeably to refer to the common core shared by†¦show more content†¦These include the Wason selection task, computerized games governed by difficult rules, pragmatic reasoning schemes, analogical reasoning tasks, class-inclusion, scientific reasoning tasks, and categorization tasks. These factors ex plain why non-verbal tests are often referred to as culture-free, and almost necessary for easing assimilation. Acquiring relevant background knowledge - which will be closely associated with social class - is important in psychometric tests, in addition to non-cognitive sources. Jensen seems to be unaware or at least avoid potential stressful effects relating to negative social evaluation and systematic prejudice, which many children experience every day. Superficial factors like dialect, facial appearance, and self-presentation all play major roles. These have significant effects on the way we see and evaluate ourselves. Bandura et al (1996) have shown how limited confidence in cognitive-based tests acquired by parents are inherited by their children, resulting in fear and apathy in many intellectual tasks. Here, g is not a general ability variable, rather its a measure of intellectual self-esteem. Limited exposure to middle-class cultural tools and low cognitive self-esteem will, undoubtedly, lessen ones self-confidence, and cause anxiety in testing situations. There is a well-known association between IQ test performance and test-anxiety. In his meta-analysis of 562 studies, Hembree (1988) found that subjects who feelShow MoreRelatedHow Two Impulsivity Measures Are Used For Human Behavior Exist1982 Words   |  8 Pagesprimary characteristic of impulsivity by its author. This review also explores whether these impulsivity measures are correctly used for the intended purpose. The conclusion suggests further collection of psychometric data for the discussed behavioural measure to further clarify which constructs of impulsivity it intends to measure. Impulsivity is a primary human instinctual behaviour, and yet there is little similarity and agreement in the definition and measurement of the psychologicalRead MoreTherapeutic Psychology2809 Words   |  12 Pagesculture Gradidge and De Jager (2011) evaluated the psychometric properties of the Wellness Questionnaire for Higher Education. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients ranged between 0.80 and 0.96 for the seven subscales of the questionnaire and the test-retest coefficients ranged between -0.04 and 0.71 for the seven subscales. Critically evaluate these findings by answering questions 3 and 4. A uniquely indigenous South African measure, the WQHE was developed for the assessment of wellness among higher educationRead MoreThe Construct Of Empathy, By Great Thinkers From Various Disciplines1669 Words   |  7 Pages The construct of empathy attracts the interest of academics from various fields of study, particularly in subfields of psychology. Its function and associated processes in moral development have been discussed for centuries by great thinkers from various disciplines. Hoffman (1982) defines empathy as â€Å"an affective response more appropriate to another’s situation than one’s own†. Nonetheless, the notion of empathy has always been a complex concept, and the lack of uniformity in the usage and understandingRead MoreEssay on The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale1012 Words   |  5 Pagesfurther in the 21st century by major corporations who use the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale as a major tool during the hiring process and to determine a person’s IQ. Historical Significance The field of psychology owes the† notion of intelligence to the French psychologist Alfred Binet, who developed the Binet - Simon scale together with his student Theodore Simon in 1904† (Rosati, 2004). Albert Binet and Theodore Simon believed â€Å"that in intelligenceRead MoreProcrastination Is A Behavior Or An Act Of Delaying Starting Essay1509 Words   |  7 Pagesaffect, cognitions, and behavior (Fee Tangney, 2000). On basis of these components Chu and Choi have divided the procrastinators into active and passive procrastinators. An active procrastinator deliberately decides to delay the work, possesses the ability to deliver it on the deadline but prefers a time pressure, and remains content with the result (Choi Moran, 2009). A passive procrastinator does not want to delay the task but eventually postpones it because of weak decision making and failure toRead MoreRelationship Between Culture and the Clinical Practice of Psychological Assessment8526 Words   |  35 Pagespeople. According to Armour-Thomas and Gopaul-McNicol (1998), tests are not culturally biased because of at least three categories or assumptions: tests are culturally fair and items do not favor a particular cultural group; the tasks assess the cognitive abilities underlying intellectual behavior for all groups; and the tests accurately predict performance for all groups. But there are counter propositions that these ideas differ from. 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Purgatory During the Protestant Reformation Essay - 654 Words

Purgatory During the Protestant Reformation All Souls Day, November 2nd, does anyone really understand why it is a holy day or is it just another meaningless holiday Catholics are asked to attend church? All Souls Day is a day that the Catholic Church has set aside to help pray for all the souls not yet joined with god. During this day, people are asked to pray for all of the departed who have passed on and are now in purgatory working very hard to have the privilege of joining to god. Purgatory has been an important aspect of organized religion from the early days of the church until now, but never more controversial then during the time of the protestant reformation. The following pages examine the belief of†¦show more content†¦They were widely circulated in Germany and caused a great controversy. Luther was ordered to recant by Cardinal Cajetan but he refused. Some people thought that Luther had a valid point, and those people were the ones who followed him. This is where we get the split of ideas and of the churches themselves. This split in the churches has a lot to do with the idea of purgatory and the selling of indulgences. Indulgences were sold to people to reduce their time in purgatory. These indulgences were sold at a very high price and most people either could not afford them or were forced to sell all they owned to purchase them. A soul is released from purgatory and carried to heaven as soon as the money tinkles in the box. (13 9 13) The existence of purgatory and indulgences were not what started the split it was the selling of the indulgences and the extremely high prices for them that caused the split in the church and in the belief of purgatory itself. The doctrine of purgatory is not very involved in the Catholic Church. There are only three paragraphs in the catechism. 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Political Theory Comparing Locke, Rousseau and Plato Free Essays

string(51) " prescribed for oneself is freedom, moral liberty\." Locke: What is the purpose of politics – we could live in the state of nature, we don’t need contract or soverign – life, liberty and property State of nature: men live according to reason and governed by reason – man exists in the state of nature in perfect freedom to do as they want, a state of perfect freedom – not necessarily good or bad, bit is calm and peaceful – men give up some of their freedom to secure the advantages of civilized socity men have the right to protect their freedom (killing if necessary) – bound by the laws of nature – contrast with hobbes: everyone has the right over everything, there exist no private property – Liberty to do as he will, but not harm others Purpose of government: – to secure the natural rights of property rights and liberty – we need law enforcers (soverign), we give power to one person and in doing so this creates a government Private Property: – one establi shed once you mix your labor with good most important because we must create a state because of the scarcity of resource (prisoners dilemma) and the innovation of money – mandatory to own property while living in commonwealth, can mix labour with other peoples resource (compensated) Representation: – ensures the government represents the people – safeguard against oppression – disapproval of absolute monarchies; they are arbitary and represent interest of one – governement must always be for the people 1. government must be desgined to protect the people from the gov . natural rights must be secured Rousseau: – mans main drive is self preservation, but thinks that hobbes and locke overestimated the likelihood of the state of war – men are inherintely good State of Nature: – gives life to general will, so all can live well – men are free and equal, seen as nobel savages, only concerned with immediate needs (hunger, sex, f ear, death) – savages are motivated by self preservation and pity, men are naturally good and don’t want to hurt each other, doesn’t want the state of war believes civilization is what corrupted him, save man is not concerned with materialistic values Morality: differs from locke – in the state of nature there is no reason for law, right or morality because we tend to avoid harming each other because of our natural aversion to pain and suffereing Social Contract: – must have a group that mediates the people and government – we must force people to be free and force people to follow the sovereign Property rights: must mix labor, cannot have more than others because this is a source of inequality – materialistic thinks are making us morally worse – everything that comes from nature is good, everything from society is bad – a source of inequality; creates dependence and jealousy Purpose of government: – to bring the people in harmony – to unite them under the general will representation: – citizens cannot give away their civil duties, they must participate in politics, because the direct democracy must represent the general will Rousseau-Social Contract †¢ The problems of inequality, amor proper, problem of general discontent †¢ Answer to the problem of natural freedom. We will write a custom essay sample on Political Theory: Comparing Locke, Rousseau and Plato or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢ Nature provides no standards for determining who should rule †¢ Man is not a political animal, the general will is the foundation of all legitimate authority †¢ All standards of justice and right have the origin in the unique human property of the will or free agency †¢ Liberation of the will from the usual sources that is the true center of gravity of Roussau’s philosophy. †¢ Primacy of the will Given rousseau’s libertarian conception of human nature. †¢ The fundamental problem is how to find a form of association that defends and protects with all the common force the person and goods of each associate and by means which each individual uniting with all obeys only himself and remains free. †¢ First part says that the aim of the contract is to protect and defend the common goods of each member. Consistent with Locke’s claims that the purpose of society is protect the security of each members. Rousseau adds a second and more disctinctly original claim. The contract must ensure the conditions for mutual protection, but also in uniting with one another each person obeys only himself and remains as free as he was before. †¢ Isn’t the essence of the social contract giving up part of our natural freedom? †¢ How can we remain as free. †¢ Total alienation of each associate together with all of his rights to the entire community †¢ Total alienation, entire community. †¢ To ensure the terms of the agreements, persons must totally give themselves up for the social contract. †¢ When we alienate ourselves, this must be given to the entire community. This is to ensure that the general will works. †¢ General will is only legitimate sovereign. The famous doctrine of the sovereignty of the people †¢ When we give ourselves over to it, we do nothing more than obey ourselves. Sovereign is not third party, it is simply the people as a whole acting in their collective capacity. †¢ How do we remain as free as we were before? †¢ Formula for freedom or tyranny of the majority? †¢ Only through total alienation do we remain free, because nobody is dependent on the will of another. The new kind of sovereign is the general will, which is the general interest or rational will of the community. Since we all contribute to the shaping of this general will, we do nothing but obey ourselves when we subscribe to this general will. †¢ Not the freedom of the state of nature, but it is a new kind of freedom that he calls â€Å"moral freedom†. †¢ The passage from the state of nature to the civil state produces a remarkable change in man. Gives our actions a moral quality that they previously lacked. What man loses is his natural liberty, but he gains civil liberty. But, to the proceedings acquisitions or civil liberty, we add moral liberty which makes man truly the master of himself. Obedience that one has prescribed for oneself is freedom, moral liberty. You read "Political Theory: Comparing Locke, Rousseau and Plato" in category "Papers" †¢ The moral and political implications are massive. †¢ For Hobbes and Locke: liberty is the sphere of human conduct that is unregulated by the law. Where the law is silent, the citizen is free to do whatever it is he chooses to do. †¢ For Rousseau, law is the very beginning of our freedom, but we are free to the extent that we are participants in the laws that we in turn obey. Freedom means acting in conformity to self-imposed law. †¢ A difference between two very different conceptions of liberty: Liberal vs. Republican †¢ Rousseau makes heroic and unreasonable assumptions about human nature. Why would we like to get together and engage in debate about political matters. †¢ Human nature and our capacity to engage in debate. Unless everyone is engaged in the process of legislation, there is no way to know that the laws are really an expression of my will. You will find yourselves dependent on the will of others. Freedom from dependence. – The problems of inequality, amor proper, problem of general discontent †¢ Answer to the problem of natural freedom. †¢ Nature provides no standards for determining who should rule †¢ Man is not a political animal, the general will is the foundation of all legitimate authority †¢ All standards of justice and right have the origin in the unique human property of the will or free agency †¢ Liberation of the will from the usual sources that is the true center of gravity of Roussau’s philosophy. †¢ Primacy of the will Given rousseau’s libertarian conception of human nature. †¢ The fundamental problem is how to find a form of association that defends and protects with all the common force the person and goods of each associate and by means which each individual uniting with all obeys only himself and remains free. †¢ First part says that the aim of the contract is to protect and defend the common goods of each member. Consistent with Locke’s claims that the purpose of society is protect the security of each members. Rousseau adds a second and more disctinctly original claim. The contract must ensure the conditions for mutual protection, but also in uniting with one another each person obeys only himself and remains as free as he was before. †¢ Isn’t the essence of the social contract giving up part of our natural freedom? †¢ How can we remain as free. †¢ Total alienation of each associate together with all of his rights to the entire community †¢ Total alienation, entire community. †¢ To ensure the terms of the agreements, persons must totally give themselves up for the social contract. †¢ When we alienate ourselves, this must be given to the entire community. This is to ensure that the general will works. †¢ General will is only legitimate sovereign. The famous doctrine of the sovereignty of the people †¢ When we give ourselves over to it, we do nothing more than obey ourselves. Sovereign is not third party, it is simply the people as a whole acting in their collective capacity. †¢ How do we remain as free as we were before? †¢ Formula for freedom or tyranny of the majority? †¢ Only through total alienation do we remain free, because nobody is dependent on the will of another. The new kind of sovereign is the general will, which is the general interest or rational will of the community. Since we all contribute to the shaping of this general will, we do nothing but obey ourselves when we subscribe to this general will. †¢ Not the freedom of the state of nature, but it is a new kind of freedom that he calls â€Å"moral freedom†. †¢ The passage from the state of nature to the civil state produces a remarkable change in man. Gives our actions a moral quality that they previously lacked. What man loses is his natural liberty, but he gains civil liberty. But, to the proceedings acquisitions or civil liberty, we add moral liberty which makes man truly the master of himself. Obedience that one has prescribed for oneself is freedom, moral liberty. †¢ The moral and political implications are massive. †¢ For Hobbes and Locke: liberty is the sphere of human conduct that is unregulated by the law. Where the law is silent, the citizen is free to do whatever it is he chooses to do. †¢ For Rousseau, law is the very beginning of our freedom, but we are free to the extent that we are participants in the laws that we in turn obey. Freedom means acting in conformity to self-imposed law. †¢ A difference between two very different conceptions of liberty: Liberal vs. Republican †¢ Rousseau makes heroic and unreasonable assumptions about human nature. Why would we like to get together and engage in debate about political matters. †¢ Human nature and our capacity to engage in debate. Unless everyone is engaged in the process of legislation, there is no way to know that the laws are really an expression of my will. You will find yourselves dependent on the will of others. Freedom from dependence. Aristotle: reasoned approach – basic goal of politics was to help society achieve the good life, create a society that allows its citizens to prosper – humans are seen as â€Å"political animals† and thus politicas as a force of nature – citizens take place in politics, they are seen as the backbone of the state and have a responsibility to the state, – not all citizens are equal, but all want sovireign – good citizens not posses what it takes to be good man – polity= best form of government; the rich rule over the rest by knowledge and democracy king should not have all the power, he should be the guardian of the law – (has less power than plato and machs ruler) because of the seperation of powers; legislative, executive and juidical – less power and more mobility – CITIZENS; anyone can participate in politics (must participate) – By nature everyone has the capacity of reason and is able to participate in p olitics – Slaves are legit they are the means of production so that everyone else can participate in politics – Ruled by; virtue, moral and reason – Education: can change conslitation for progess because children are taught from young age to reason, (public learning) – Bartering=natural Aristotle- Politics Human beings are political animals. Problematic relation between economics and politics Role of labour and role of commerce The political community is designed to promote human flourishing Happiness is a life of activity expressing virtue Essence of Political rule: ruling and being ruled The highest community is the political community Without law man is the worst of animals and law depends for its existence on the state. In order to meet our needs we must interact with nature to get the results we want. Work is a process, not an activity. Work is enslaving, provided by necessity Some people are fit for being slaves, others are fit for ruling. It is only natural that things are that way. Man is a political animal, that needs to live in a community. Trade is necessary, and therefore there is a need for a division of labour. Property is those goods need to develop their ability to develop a virtuous life Surplus has to be exchanged. Profit making is the pursuit of false wealth (capital) The Unconditionally best regime is the rule of the virtuous. Fundamental value of political community is friendship Aristotle criticizes Plato’s utopia, arguing that it gives too much unity to the state, and would make the state into an individual. A government is good when it aims at the good of the whole community, bad when it cares only for itself. Good Governments Bad Governments Monarchy Tyranny (Worse) Aristocracy Oligarchy Constitutional government (polity) Democracy (Least worse) Citizenship is defined by participation in office and in ruling. Political rule is mastery of free people ublic life is far more virtuous than the private Good citizen vs. good man Aristotle does not have a conception of an absolute good and has a more matrial account of morality. – rights Machiavelli: use deception and illusion for the better purpose of economic ends of the state – prince must be immoral opportunitst, people should never know the â€Å"real him†, but this creates a high risk of being seen as bad leader – overall the lead is not a good one because you cannot rule you people with immoral action – ends justify means – goal of politics to maintain power and stability citizen must obey ruler and do as one told, no room for citizen participation in politics – equality does not exist – prince must be loved and feared – progress for the state = improving means of production (capitalism) Virtue: fortune/luck is half our actions – always appear virtuous – one capacity to understand political life and control it for the greater good of the state not for the sake of morality – priority of security over morality – price must be immoral when need be, to ensure the state security – generosity vs compassion – Machiavelli-Power A good ruler is not always good; he is good when he has to be but is cruel when the situation requires it. †¢ Leader or prince must have virtu: a set of qualities necessary to be a politician worthy of praise †¢ Learn to be able to not be good †¢ He attacks secular moralists and the Christian ideals of morality †¢ The prince must have courage to do whatever it takes to get what he needs. †¢ â€Å"Small evils to prevent greater evils† †¢ Political stability is a condition for a private moral life †¢ Domestic sphere is the domain of morality. †¢ Role of the state is to ensure security †¢ Prince must be a realist †¢ Acquisition of power is important How is power won, lost and maintained is the main focus of The Prince †¢ No traditional idea of â€Å"legitimate power† †¢ To achieve political ends, power is necessary. †¢ Fortuna, it is good to do whatever is required to obtain power. †¢ Appear to be good to the general public †¢ We admire the virtuous leaders †¢ No hard rules in politics, no political formulas †¢ Skill, assertiv e independence is necessary to have political power. †¢ People want power, mainly self interested †¢ Stability, is important †¢ Glory is not a bad thing, it is actually praiseworthy †¢ The Prince must try to master Fortuna as much as he possibly can Hobbes- Leviathan: The Sovereign is not the direct expression of individual rules but an abstraction of the natural desire to rule †¢ Hobbes wants us to abstain from politics by agreeing to be ruled by this artificial man or sovereign †¢ For by art is created the Great Leviathan, commonwealth †¢ Trade liberty for security †¢ Liberty under Hobbes’ sovereign is whatever is not restricted by law. †¢ Humans in the state of nature are in a constant state of war, everything belongs to †¢ Society and political community is artificial †¢ Human equality : in nature nobody is superior to another †¢ What makes authority possible? What is the source of authority? What makes legitimate authority possible? †¢ How can individuals who are biologically autonomous, who judge and see matters differently, who can never be sure whether they can trust one another, how can such individuals accept a common authority? †¢ That is the fundamental question of the social contract tradition. †¢ When is authority in question? True in Hobbes’ time of civil war †¢ Hobbes tells a story: he tells the story about something he calls the state of nature. Hobbes will always be associated with the idea of the state of nature. †¢ It is not the biblical account of Eden, nor is it a political condition like maintained by Aristotle. Sovereign’s main function is to make us equal †¢ The state of nature is not a condition of actual fighting, but a known disposition of actual fighting. †¢ His claim that the state of war is a condition that we are naturally in, is to say that nature does not unite us. If nature is a norm, it does not mandate us to peace, friendship and solidarity with others. Only art and human relations can bring about peace. †¢ Authority and relations are the product of contrivance and art. – Plato: moral guidance, not legal obidence – philosopher king rule over all with rationality (rational part of soul rules over honor seeking and appeitive) must make the state a â€Å"utopia†; all work together for the common good of the state- seek harmony – children are all raised together and educated together – soverign is essential because it takes the best people in society and puts them in power – ruler acts as moral guider for other social classes – philosopher kings; determine justice and law because of their unique virtue (rationality) – each individual serves as a purpose in society, according to certain qualification (rationality, honor, appetite) that makes them more suited to a particular task (ruler, auxiliary, worker) without the philosopher king men fall pity to their desires and appeitiess(greed) – the state acts as a check for the passions of individuals – humans want what is intrinstically good, while they are capable of commiting wrong, this is because of some appetitie/desire rather than some flaw – there exists no equality, there is a social order in which you are born into – everyone is guided by the philosopher king beacuase they posses the ultimate truth, without them the normal person would not know how to act in socity and would fall prey to passions and selfishness humans want what is best, therefore listen to higher good – justice throught: strength, philosophy and doing good to friends Property: plato fails to identify population increase and other countries boundarys Plato- Republic: †¢ What is justice? Is it appearing just but really being unjust? Is it the rule of the strongest? †¢ Move away from ordinary definitions of justice. Perfect Justi ce vs. Perfect injustice †¢ The Necessary myths: religion. Myths are not true but they are helpful in a society to keep order. â€Å"Noble lie† †¢ Allegory of the cave: The world of appearances is only a reflection of the pure realm of forms. The best life is the one spent contemplating the fundamental laws of the universe. †¢ The Philosophers must be kings, also called guardians. †¢ Their role is to overlook everything in society is working correctly, and in order to do this they must be philosophers. †¢ Rulers must live in commune, share everything in order that their desires are quenched and they can dedicate full attention to the city. †¢ We are born with natural aptitudes and we should become that to which our natural aptitude fits best. †¢ Perfect city: harmony and order †¢ Noble lie: Gold people are the most apt to lead and become guardians. Silver people are merchants and traders, and bronze people are craftsmen. People can only mate with a person of the same category. †¢ The skill of a guardian/ruler is similar to that of craftsman. The state is the guardian’s craft so he should be prepared to deal with it appropriately. Democracy is cause of conflict because most people are not suited to rule or make political decisions. †¢ Mastery according to nature †¢ Justice: minding your own business. †¢ Women are not naturally inferior to men. †¢ The form of the Good is higher than justice, and requires extensive training to grasp it. Truth exists independent of time and space. †¢ Justice is a relation among individuals, depending on social organization; and that in consequence it can be studied better as part of the structure of a community than as a quality of personal conduct. †¢ Men are acquisitive, ambitious, competitive, and jealous by nature. †¢ Democracy ruins itself by exce ss of democracy. Its basic principle is the equal right of all to hold office and determine public policy. People are not properly equipped by education to select the best rulers and the wisest courses. †¢ To understand politics, we must understand psychology. Like man, like state† †¢ Human behavior flows from desire, emotion and knowledge. Desire, appetite, impulse instinct, these are one; emotion, spirit, ambition, courage another; finally knowledge, thought, intellect, reason, these are another. †¢ Statesmanship is a science and an art. Only a philosopher king is fitted to guide a nation. †¢ Education should be physical as well as intellectual, and musical. †¢ Justice is about organizing the political community so everyone can live the good life. †¢ Perfect organization of the city so each individual can develop his or her own nature †¢ Every individual is the product of the city People are slaves to their own desires †¢ Good life=con templation †¢ The perfect ruler has knowledge of the Good, and designs all laws and institutions in according with the Good. †¢ What’s missing is a fundamental knowledge of the structure of the world. †¢ The confine of reality is own human nature. â€Å"City† Timocracy Love of honor, desire of treasure. Good=Honor Oligarchy Regime founded on Prosperity. Good=Money Democracy Rule by the multitude. Good=Freedom Tyranny Takes power, wages war, enslaves the people. Good=Desires of tyrant How to cite Political Theory: Comparing Locke, Rousseau and Plato, Papers

Quantitative and Statistical Research Methods

Question: Discuss about the Quantitative and Statistical Research Methods. Answer: Introduction The topic of the research is racial discrimination followed in organization in Australia. The major victims of racism in Australia are the people of Aboriginal and Torres Islander. They are the natives and the indigenous people of Australia. Apart from them, there are immigrant communities which also faces the discrimination but at a lower rate. It was stated by Gale (2016), that the problems faced by these people in working environment, public places, and other places affect the living standard of the country. It also reduces the efficiency in the working places resulting in a low productivity. Background of the research Racial discrimination, commonly known as the racism stands for treating people unfairly on the basis of their race, ethnicity, religious background, colour, and nationality. Racism in Australia is a major issue that affects the daily lives in the workplaces and other places all over the country and shapes the societies. According to Sonn (2012), there are many laws which have been created by the government to reduce such racism issues, yet the problem still exists. Several policies have been taken by the corporate offices and their Human Resource Managements to reduce this problem. These laws and regulations altogether reduced the racism problem to some extent, but there are still scopes for improvement. Statement of purpose The purpose of the research is to find out the extent of racial discriminations followed in Australia and the reasons for discrimination. The purpose of this research is to see how much racism affects social activities and the pattern of the discriminations. Research Questions: The research is aiming to answer the following questions: What is the extent of racial discrimination in Australia? Who are the main victims of racism in Australia? What are the main reasons behind the racist attitude of Australians? Literature survey: According to Jonason (2015), personality psychology is one of the major reasons behind racial discrimination in Australia. Racism towards Anglo-Australians and Middle-Easterners were the victim along with the Aboriginals. These racism traits were considered as the Dark Triad which incorporates psychopathic, Machiavellianism, and narcissism. They were the victim of social dominance and authoritarianism. The paper showed how racism is often done unintentionally, without the target of hurting someone. But the result is the same. In the opinion of Nelson (2013), there are some factors which determine the racism and to what extent these people face difficulties. It answers the first question of the research. This results in social discrimination and exclusion of certain people from different background. The colour of skin, background, in-group, out-group bias and many other issues are the reasons behind the racial discrimination, which magnifies the discrimination. Racism hits Australia a nd its citizen to that extent where it disturbs the economic and social processes. As stated by Nott and Hathway (2015), people of Melbourne have to come up and stand against racism in order to make a better society for everyone. According to this paper, getting rid of racism requires effort from two sides, the receiver or victim, and the racist person. Common people marching against the hostile behaviour of several Australians towards the asylum seekers and refugees coming to the country shows the society's integrity. More examples like this will surely make Australia a tolerant country. Two thousand Australians marched to Federation Square on 4th April to oppose the bad behaviour towards these people as not reacting to the deeds of racists the minorities are making themselves easily available for these cases. Measures like this are targeted towards reducing the extent of racial discrimination in Australia. As it is not easy to quantify the reasons and extent of racial discriminati on, the paper proposes taking qualitative measures to improve the situation. These measures include road march for creating awareness among the citizen. As stated by Ruhanen and Whitford (2016), many sustainable business models incorporating tourism businesses in Australia are following indigenous policy to improve the socio-economic structure in the country. There are few examples where sustainable indigenous tourism has been achieved. According to many studies, indigenous business persons have to establish themselves as the legitimate business persons to enter into the global market place. The focus of the Legitimacy theory is whether the social and most common norms are followed in the businesses as well regarding racial discrimination. It shows how badly racism affects the indigenous tourism business. The paper also argues that the main victims of the racial discrimination in Australia are the natives and those who have recent immigration history. Due to the diversity in the society, comes a difference in cultures. The victims of the discrimination like the Aboriginals and indigenous are threatened by this trait of the society. I t in turn hampers the economic process of the country. It dampens the speed of production in Australia by a huge margin and creates a bad working environment for the people with different background. In the opinion of Forrest and Dunn (2013), Australia constitutes of a few numbers of non-white ethnic minorities. It makes them a soft target for the racial discrimination. They are the main victim of racism in Australia. This is followed by social exclusion in many working places, resulting in decreasing efficiency. A telephone survey of 2007 shows the degree of racism, tolerance, and intolerance rate are different in different places in the same country. The federal government of Australia has taken several measures in order to increase social inclusion. But the measurements were taken without doing any detailed research or survey, which in most cases make the measures a failure and increase what the government is trying to stop in the first place. According to Forrest, Elias and Paradies (2016), to understand how the mind of a racist works one has first to go through the same. It will help the research by identifying the main reasons behind the racist attitude of Australians. To understand the reasons, according to the paper, it had introduced two new approaches to understanding the racism factors in Australia. Normally, out-group racists target people from other religions, cultures, and societies. Due to the diversity of the population of Melbourne, the survey was done in this Australian city. The paper shows the main reasons behind how people from out-group who are non-whites and belong to backward classes are the easy targets of this kind of racism. As stated by Noble (2012), the race debate in Australia incorporated the One Nation Party led by Pauline Hanson's criticisms regarding the immigration program of the country. The social transformation from the time of British rule was depicted here. The government of Australia has taken several measures to improve the situation in the country, but the results were not always positive. The type of race discrimination changed from time to time. The pattern of racism changed from "old" to "new racism." The Australia Asia connection had a positive effect on the issues of racism which later faded with time. In the view of Li et al. (2013), the degree of racial discrimination hugely depends on prejudicial attitudes of the people. In Australia, among North Queenslander, the classical and modern prejudicial attitudes towards the refugees are mostly witnessed. Classical prejudices are more of an open form. On the other hand, modern prejudice is more subtle in nature. The study was done on 370 residents of North Queenslanders to understand the sentiment behind the discriminations. The case study has shown that the classic racial discrimination has become more socially unacceptable over time, while the modern prejudices are getting accepted. The reason behind this change is people who showed classic racism often are excluded from their usual groups. As stated by Babacan (2012), racism is a problem faced all over the world from early ages. Most of the racial behaviours have their roots in history. Racial discrimination can be divided into many parts such as, Racism as domination, Racism as discrimination, Racism as Institution, Racism as racist beliefs, and Racism as discourse. That racism is called Domination racism where one group of people try and dominate another one. Discriminating racism causes inequality in society. The political environment, different platforms of media, the education system of a country or state incorporates institution racism. Racistly believes formed due to ideological differences. The degree of racism in a country depends on the differences in ideologies. According to Hage (2014), the new societies of Australia are more inclusive. The groups in the modern era consist of people from different backgrounds and cultures. This has reduced racial discrimination according to some people. In reality, a new kind of racism has taken over modern era. It changed just changed its form, intensity, and the way it circulates in different scenarios. This is true for most of the developed countries. Hence, the government has to implement new rules which will address these new kinds of racism. The old or classic racism has changed over time. This calls for an update in the regulations and corporate policies. The measures have to be more focused towards each one of the racial discriminations. This way more issues can be addressed simultaneously. The root cause behind these issues lies in the epistemological process. As stated by Grigg and Manderson (2015), Psychopathy is in the field of anti-social behaviour. Attitudes consisting racial discrimination are considered as anti-social behaviour. These two share commonalities with several traits. The research has proved that there is a strong relationship between Psychopathy and racism. That trait which creates Psychopathy also constructs minds with racist ideologies. The relationship between criminal behaviour and racist attitudes thus are positive. Both male and female carry racist ideologies, and there is no significant difference between the two genders regarding racist attitude. Most of the people are some way or other racists. The reasons are also different behind each case. Ethical Issues: This research holds the scope of reducing racial discrimination in Australia. No mental and physical harm were intended to be a part of the research. The names of the participants will not be disclosed without their consent. There is a tremendous scope of benefits for those people of Australia who faces racism in their daily lives. The research will reveal to what extent Australia faces racial discrimination and who are the main victims. The reasons behind racial discrimination will also be revealed which will help both the victims and the government of Australia to take proper policy measures. Methodology: This section shows the system of the methods that were used in the research. The researcher will rely on qualitative strategy for its methodology. As the research is explained descriptively the researcher uses qualitative strategy for its evaluation. The interview conducted from the citizens of Australia will be answered descriptively as the questionnaire will contain close ended questions. As quantifying the attributes of discrimination is hard, the research chooses the qualitative measures to understand the racism scenario of the country. The primary and secondary data are thus collected accordingly. The policy measures can be quantified later by the authorities, but at the primary stage the qualitative strategy will help the research to evaluate where the society stands regarding racism. Design, Strategy, and Framework: Statistical operations will be done in order to get results from the collected sample data. The data will be used to understand the extent of racial discrimination that is present in the societies of Australia. Various statistical tools and instruments like econometrics, correlation, and regression will be used in order to get answers to the research questions and targets. Data will be collected in such a way that the main victims of racism can be identified with ease. Explanations will be provided for the main reasons behind the racist attitude of people in Australia. To see, the connections between several racial discrimination traits statistical tools like correlation and rank correlation will be used. According to Hedges and Olkin (2014), to understand the factors that affect the racist behaviour of the people, econometrics will be used. This will give an in depth analytical view of the racism scenario in Australia. The victims of racial discrimination will get highlighted according to the research process. Sample: The sample domain will consist of normal Australian citizens with the main focus on the aboriginals and people from Torres Strait Islander. They are the indigenous people of the country. Stratified sampling will be done for the research where several strata will be created from the collected data. This will ease the process of calculations. The population set is the total number of the citizens of Australia. The samples will be collected randomly from the population to ensure no bias is a part of the research. Data Collection: Both primary and secondary data will be used for the research purpose. Primary data will be collected directly by creating a questionnaire which will be answered by randomly chosen Australian citizens. Secondary data will be collected from previous private researches and government websites. Primary data will help to understand the unbiased scenario of racism while secondary data will support the literature survey. The results will be interconnected. One will complement the other. The secondary data will be collected during the time of further literature survey, and primary data will be collected after the research gets approved. Significance: The research is very significant for the people of Australia. The research can also help the organizations operating in Australia to prepare policies which will improve the working environment. The government can also use the researchs results for creating rules and regulations. These will make the country more tolerant. The people of Australia will get a better view of the racism issues. Limitations: The limitations of research are those, which could not be controlled. These are the shortcomings which influenced the research and placed restrictions in the research methodology. The major limitation of the study is that it could not incorporate all the time periods in a single time frame to get the results. More time was needed to create a more detailed research process. More time could also provide the opportunity to create a more detailed literature survey. As stated by Martin and Bridgmon (2012), collecting a more detailed primary data would require more time which would make the research more connected to the reality. There might be other situational reasons which determines racism pattern but will not be the part of the research because of lack of statistical attributes. References: Babacan, H. (2012). Racism denial in Australia: the power of silence. Australian Mosaic, 32, 1-2. Forrest, J., Dunn, K. (2013). Cultural diversity, racialisation and the experience of racism in rural Australia: the South Australian case. Journal of Rural Studies, 30, 1-9. Forrest, J., Elias, A., Paradies, Y. (2016). Perspectives on the geography of intolerance: Racist attitudes and experience of racism in Melbourne, Australia. Geoforum, 70, 51-59. Gale, P. (2016, July). Racism, Nationalism and the Asylum Seeker Crisis: Towards a Sociology without Borders. In Third ISA Forum of Sociology (July 10-14, 2016). Isaconf. Grigg, K., Manderson, L. (2015). Is There a Relationship Between Psychopathic Traits and Racism?. Current Psychology, 34(4), 702-712. Hage, G. (2014). Continuity and change in Australian racism. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 35(3), 232-237. Hedges, L. V., Olkin, I. (2014). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Academic press. Jonason, P. K. (2015). How dark personality traits and perceptions come together to predict racism in Australia. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 47-51. Li, W., Jackson, K., Johnson, H., Miller, D. J. (2013). Modern and classical racism toward refugees among North Queenslanders. Martin, W. E., Bridgmon, K. D. (2012). Quantitative and statistical research methods: From hypothesis to results (Vol. 42). John Wiley Sons. Nelson, J. K. (2013). Denial of racism and its implications for local action. Discourse Society, 24(1), 89-109. Noble, G. (2012). Transforming A White Australia: Issues Of Racism And Immigration. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35(11), 2028-2029. Nott, J., Hathway, S. (2015). Racism has no place on our streets. Green Left Weekly, (1048), 9. Ruhanen, L., Whitford, M. (2016). Racism as an inhibitor to the organisational legitimacy of Indigenous tourism businesses in Australia. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-15. Sonn, C. C. (2012). Speaking unspoken memories: Remembering apartheid racism in Australia. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 18(3), 240.